ArticleInfection and immunity2006
Effects of concomitant Schistosoma haematobium infection on the serum cytokine levels elicited by acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in Malian children.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Shared risk factors for malaria and schistosomiasis co-infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of Schistosoma haematobium infection and treatment on the systemic and mucosal immune phenotype, gene expression and microbiome: A systematic review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Interleukin-5 levels in relation to malaria severity: a systematic review.Malaria journal · 2023Pooled it
- Increased interleukin-6 levels associated with malaria infection and disease severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Plasmodium and intestinal parasite perturbations of the infected host's inflammatory responses: a systematic review.Parasites & vectors · 2018Pooled it
- Exploratory analysis of the effect of helminth infection on the immunogenicity and efficacy of the asexual blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate GMZ2.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Trial
- Cervicovaginal Immune Activation in Zambian Women With Female Genital Schistosomiasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Plasma cytokines, chemokines and cellular immune responses in pre-school Nigerian children infected with Plasmodium falciparum.Malaria journal · 2013Trial
- Helminth coinfections mitigate clinical, parasitological, and immune outcomes in Mozambican children with malaria.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Stage specific immune responses to schistosomes may explain conflicting results in malaria-schistosome coinfection studies.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2025Article
- Female Genital Schistosomiasis: A Neglected among the Neglected Tropical Diseases.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Beyond the barrier: Female Genital Schistosomiasis as a potential risk factor for HIV-1 acquisition.Acta tropica · 2020Review
- Infection against infection: parasite antagonism against parasites, viruses and bacteria.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2019Review
- Schistosoma haematobium effects on Plasmodium falciparum infection modified by soil-transmitted helminths in school-age children living in rural areas of Gabon.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2018Article
- Long-term Maintenance of CD4 T Cell Memory Responses to Malaria Antigens in Malian Children Coinfected withFrontiers in immunology · 2017Article
- Associations Between Helminth Infections, Plasmodium falciparum Parasite Carriage and Antibody Responses to Sexual and Asexual Stage Malarial Antigens.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2016Article
- Age-Stratified Profiles of Serum IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α Cytokines Among Kenyan Children with Schistosoma haematobium, Plasmodium falciparum, and Other Chronic Parasitic Co-Infections.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2015Article
- Article
- Role of IL-4Rα during acute schistosomiasis in mice.Parasite immunology · 2014Review
- Effect of deworming on school-aged children's physical fitness, cognition and clinical parameters in a malaria-helminth co-endemic area of Côte d'Ivoire.BMC infectious diseases · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Polyparasitism is common in the developing world, and interactions that alter disease severity may occur. We previously demonstrated that infection with Schistosoma hematobium was associated with protection against Plasmodium falciparum infection in children who were 4 to 8 years old. In this study, we determined whether underlying helminth infections affected the cytokine responses to acute falciparum malaria. A total of 338 schistosomiasis-positive [Sch(+)] children who were 4 to 14 years old were matched by age, residence, and sex with 338 schistosomiasis-negative [Sch(-)] children and monitored for a malaria transmission season (25 weeks). Serologic cytokine levels were measured at the time of the first clinical malaria episode and in children who did not contract malaria. Elevated background levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (37.1 pg/ml versus 10.9 pg/ml [P = 0.04]), IL-4 (27.7 pg/ml versus 6.9 pg/ml [P = 0.02]), IL-10 (18.2 pg/ml versus 7.2 pg/ml [P < 0.001]), and gamma interferon (18.2 pg/ml versus 4.7 pg/ml [P = 0.006]) were noted in Sch(+) children compared to Sch(-) children without malaria. IL-6 and IL-10 levels were elevated in association with acute malaria, but the levels appeared to be blunted in Sch(+) children compared to Sch(-) children who were 4 to 8 years old (for IL-6, 96.2 pg/ml versus 137.2 pg/ml [P = 0.08]; for IL-10, 195.9 pg/ml versus 282.2 pg/ml [P = 0.06]). The level of IL-10 was similarly lower in Sch(+) children than in Sch(-) children who were 9 to 14 years old (91.2 pg/ml versus 141.2 pg/ml [P = 0.03]). IL-4 levels were inversely correlated with the time until the first malaria infection in both the Sch(+) children (P < 0.001) and the Sch(-) children (P < 0.001) who were 4 to 8 years old. We postulate that the Th2-enriched environment induced by schistosomiasis protects against malaria and alters the cytokine milieu during an actual infection.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.