ReviewParasite immunology2006
Parasitic worms and inflammatory diseases.
Review in Parasite immunology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 182 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International health · 2024Pooled it
- The Impact of Helminth Infection on the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- Parasites as Modulators of Angiogenesis: Implications for Vascular Biology and Pathogenesis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The gut microbiome and metabolome associate with Schistosoma mansoni infection and cardiovascular disease risk in Uganda.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Pediatric B cell repertoires are enriched for naive clonal phenotypes and are shaped by distinct selection dynamics.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Adrenergic signaling during parasitic infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Immunomodulatory role of Trichinella spiralis-derived antigen on imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice model.Parasitology research · 2024Article
- Traumatic spinal cord injury and its correlation to risk of autoimmune/-inflammatory disease.Spinal cord · 2024Article
- Contribution of CNS and extra-CNS infections to neurodegeneration: a narrative review.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- Ascaridia galli infection in chicken: Pathobiology and immunological orchestra.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Review
- Effect and mechanism of reactive oxygen species-mediated NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome activation in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.World journal of gastroenterology · 2023Article
- How do parasitic worms prevent diabetes? An exploration of their influence on macrophage and β-cell crosstalk.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Functional Diversity of the Excretory/Secretory Proteins of Nematode Parasites.Acta parasitologica · 2022Review
- Helminth protection against type-1 diabetes: an insight into immunomodulatory effect of helminth-induced infection.Molecular biology reports · 2021Review
- Infection and food combine to cause atherosclerotic coronary heart disease - Review and hypothesis.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2021Review
- Helminth infection is associated with dampened cytokine responses to viral and bacterial stimulations in Tsimane forager-horticulturalists.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2021Article
- Helminth Glycans at the Host-Parasite Interface and Their Potential for Developing Novel Therapeutics.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2021Review
- Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The debate on whether infection precipitates or prevents autoimmunity remains a contentious one. Recently the suggestion that some unknown microbe can be at the origin of some chronic inflammatory diseases has been countered by accumulating evidence that decreasing infection rates might have an important role to play in the rising prevalence of autoimmune disorders. The 'Hygiene Hypothesis' was initially postulated to explain the inverse correlation between the incidence of infections and the rise of allergic diseases, particularly in the developed world. Latterly, the Hygiene Hypothesis has been extended to also incorporate autoimmune diseases in general. Amongst the various infectious agents, a particular emphasis has been put on the interaction between parasitic worms and humans. Worm parasites have co-evolved with the mammalian immune system for many millions of years and during this time, they have developed extremely effective strategies to modulate and evade host defences and so maintain their evolutionary fitness. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that the human immune system has been shaped by its relationship with parasitic worms and this may be a necessary requirement for maintaining our immunological health. Fully understanding this relationship may lead to novel and effective treatments for a host of deleterious inflammatory reactions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.