ArticleInfection and immunity2006
Tsetse fly saliva accelerates the onset of Trypanosoma brucei infection in a mouse model associated with a reduced host inflammatory response.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis of the effects of insect vector saliva on host immune responses and infection of vector-transmitted pathogens: a focus on leishmaniasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2014Pooled it
- Roles of cytokines in modulatingFrontiers in parasitology · 2025Article
- Research progress toward arthropod salivary protein vaccine development for vector-borne infectious diseases.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Review
- Advances in the Immunology of the Host-Parasite Interactions in African Trypanosomosis, including Single-Cell Transcriptomics.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- γδ T cells control murine skin inflammation and subcutaneous adipose wasting during chronic Trypanosoma brucei infection.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Single-cell RNA sequencing ofProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Article
- To the Skin and Beyond: The Immune Response to African Trypanosomes as They Enter and Exit the Vertebrate Host.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Establishment of a Standardized Vaccine Protocol for the Analysis of Protective Immune Responses During Experimental Trypanosome Infections in Mice.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2020Article
- Comparative genomic analysis of six Glossina genomes, vectors of African trypanosomes.Genome biology · 2019Article
- Host Immune Responses and Immune Evasion Strategies in African Trypanosomiasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Article
- Neutrophils enhance early Trypanosoma brucei infection onset.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Salivarian Trypanosomosis: A Review of Parasites Involved, Their Global Distribution and Their Interaction With the Innate and Adaptive Mammalian Host Immune System.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Trypanosoma brucei growth control by TNF in mammalian host is independent of the soluble form of the cytokine.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Nanobodies As Tools to Understand, Diagnose, and Treat African Trypanosomiasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- The Dermis as a Delivery Site of Trypanosoma brucei for Tsetse Flies.PLoS pathogens · 2016Article
- Immune Evasion Strategies of Trypanosoma brucei within the Mammalian Host: Progression to Pathogenicity.Frontiers in immunology · 2016Review
- Immunogenicity and Serological Cross-Reactivity of Saliva Proteins among Different Tsetse Species.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2015Article
- Evaluation of the murine immune response to Xenopsylla cheopis flea saliva and its effect on transmission of Yersinia pestis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are the vectors that transmit African trypanosomes, protozoan parasites that cause human sleeping sickness and veterinary infections in the African continent. These blood-feeding dipteran insects deposit saliva at the feeding site that enables the blood-feeding process. Here we demonstrate that tsetse fly saliva also accelerates the onset of a Trypanosoma brucei infection. This effect was associated with a reduced inflammatory reaction at the site of infection initiation (reflected by a decrease of interleukin-6 [IL-6] and IL-12 mRNA) as well as lower serum concentrations of the trypanocidal cytokine tumor necrosis factor. Variant-specific surface glycoprotein-specific antibody isotypes immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG2a, implicated in trypanosome clearance, were not suppressed. We propose that tsetse fly saliva accelerates the onset of trypanosome infection by inhibiting local and systemic inflammatory responses involved in parasite control.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.