ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2006
Leishmania disease development depends on the presence of apoptotic promastigotes in the virulent inoculum.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 94 papers.
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Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 190 citations in OpenAlex.
- p1/s1, a 3'-nucleotidase/nuclease, allows Leishmania major to circumvent host innate immune response mechanisms.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Surface enolase is a virulence factor ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- An overview of host immune responses against Leishmania spp. infections.Human molecular genetics · 2025Review
- In silico identification of Leishmania GP63 protein epitopes to generate a new vaccine antigen against leishmaniasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- An inclusive assessment of apoptosis mechanisms inCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Review
- Molecular Mechanisms of Persistence in Protozoan Parasites.Microorganisms · 2023Review
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- The pathogenicity and virulence of Leishmania - interplay of virulence factors with host defenses.Virulence · 2022Review
- Paradoxical immune response in leishmaniasis: The role of toll-like receptors in disease progression.Parasite immunology · 2022Review
- Nitric oxide controls proliferation of Leishmania major by inhibiting the recruitment of permissive host cells.Immunity · 2021Article
- Hide-and-Seek: A Game Played between Parasitic Protists and Their Hosts.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Management of cell death in parasitic infections.Seminars in immunopathology · 2021Review
- Total Phenolic Fraction (TPF) from Extra Virgin Olive Oil: Induction of apoptotic-like cell death in Leishmania spp. promastigotes and in vivo potential of therapeutic immunomodulation.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Establishment, optimisation and quantitation of a bioluminescent murine infection model of visceral leishmaniasis for systematic vaccine screening.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Annexin V expression on CD4Immunology · 2020Article
- Apoptotic mimicry as a strategy for the establishment of parasitic infections: parasite- and host-derived phosphatidylserine as key molecule.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2020Review
- An immunoproteomic approach to identifying immunoreactive proteins inPathogens and global health · 2019Article
- More than just exosomes: distinctJournal of extracellular vesicles · 2019Article
- Cell death in Leishmania.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2019Review
- Cathelicidin Contributes to the Restriction ofFrontiers in immunology · 2019Article
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The obligate intracellular pathogen Leishmania major survives and multiplies in professional phagocytes. The evasion strategy to circumvent killing by host phagocytes and establish a productive infection is poorly understood. Here we report that the virulent inoculum of Leishmania promastigotes contains a high ratio of annexin A5-binding apoptotic parasites. This subpopulation of parasites is characterized by a round body shape, a swollen kinetoplast, nuclear condensation, and a lack of multiplication and represents dying or already dead parasites. After depleting the apoptotic parasites from a virulent population, Leishmania do not survive in phagocytes in vitro and lose their disease-inducing ability in vivo. TGF-beta induced by apoptotic parasites is likely to mediate the silencing of phagocytes and lead to survival of infectious Leishmania populations. The data demonstrate that apoptotic promastigotes, in an altruistic way, enable the intracellular survival of the viable parasites.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.