ArticleClinical and vaccine immunology : CVI2006
Comparison of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific inhibitory activities in saliva and other human mucosal fluids.
Article in Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- SARS-CoV-2 Exposure Elicits a Strong Mucosal Antibody Response That May Facilitate Quicker Mucosal Viral Clearance.Viruses · 2026Article
- Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection?Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Review
- The initial interplay between HIV and mucosal innate immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Longitudinal Study on Seroreactivity of Goats Exposed to Colostrum and Milk of Small Ruminant Lentivirus-infected Dams.Journal of veterinary research · 2022Article
- Antiviral Properties of Human Milk.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Understanding Viral and Immune Interplay During Vertical Transmission of HIV: Implications for Cure.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Determinants of Tenascin-C and HIV-1 envelope binding and neutralization.Mucosal immunology · 2019Article
- Characterisation of the Major Extracellular Proteases ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Evaluation of Mucosal Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to HIV in External Secretions and Mucosal Tissues.Current immunology reviews · 2019Article
- Factors contributing to salivary human immunodeficiency virus type-1 levels measured by a Poisson distribution-based PCR method.The Journal of international medical research · 2018Article
- Mucus and Mucins: do they have a role in the inhibition of the human immunodeficiency virus?Virology journal · 2017Review
- Breastfeeding Behaviors and the Innate Immune System of Human Milk: Working Together to Protect Infants against Inflammation, HIV-1, and Other Infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- HIV Infection and Compromised Mucosal Immunity: Oral Manifestations and Systemic Inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- The Presence and Anti-HIV-1 Function of Tenascin C in Breast Milk and Genital Fluids.PloS one · 2016Article
- Breast Milk of HIV-Positive Mothers Has Potent and Species-Specific In Vivo HIV-Inhibitory Activity.Journal of virology · 2015Article
- Association of HIV-1 Envelope-Specific Breast Milk IgA Responses with Reduced Risk of Postnatal Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1.Journal of virology · 2015Article
- Lactotransferrin gene functional polymorphisms do not influence susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus-1 mother-to-child transmission in different ethnic groups.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2015Article
- The role of cell-associated virus in mother-to-child HIV transmission.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2014Review
- Serum and saliva protein levels in females with breast cancer.Oncology letters · 2014Article
- Humoral immune responses to HIV in the mucosal secretions and sera of HIV-infected women.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Several human mucosal fluids are known to possess an innate ability to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and replication in vitro. This study compared the HIV-1 inhibitory activities of several mucosal fluids, whole, submandibular/sublingual (sm/sl), and parotid saliva, breast milk, colostrum, seminal plasma, and cervicovaginal secretions, from HIV-1-seronegative donors by using a 3-day microtiter infection assay. A wide range of HIV-1 inhibitory activity was exhibited in all mucosal fluids tested, with some donors exhibiting high levels of activity while others showed significantly lower levels. Colostrum, whole milk, and whole saliva possessed the highest levels of anti-HIV-1 activity, seminal fluid, cervicovaginal secretions, and sm/sl exhibited moderate levels, and parotid saliva consistently demonstrated the lowest levels of HIV-1 inhibition. Fast protein liquid chromatography gel filtration studies revealed the presence of at least three distinct peaks of inhibitory activity against HIV-1 in saliva and breast milk. Incubation of unfractionated and fractionated whole saliva with antibodies raised against human lactoferrin (hLf), secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), and, to a lesser extent, MG2 (high-molecular-weight mucinous glycoprotein) reduced the HIV-1 inhibitory activity significantly. The results suggest that hLf and SLPI are two key components responsible for HIV-1 inhibitory activity in different mucosal secretions. The variation in HIV inhibitory activity between the fluids and between individuals suggests that there may be major differences in susceptibility to HIV infection depending both on the individual and on the mucosal fluid involved.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.