ReviewClinical pharmacokinetics2006
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of medications used for moderate sedation.
Review in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and safety of ciprofol (HSK3486) versus propofol for anesthetic induction and non-ICU sedation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Pain management for tubal sterilization by hysteroscopy.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2012Pooled it
- Trial
- Breakdown in cortical effective connectivity during midazolam-induced loss of consciousness.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2010Trial
- Thiazol-4-yl-Methylthio-Quinazolin-4(3H)-ones as Anticonvulsant Compounds: Chemical Design, Computational Studies, and Biological Evaluation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- Advances in the Clinical Application of MAC: A Review of Drug Selection, Combination Therapy, and Administration Methods.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Review
- Moderate Sedation or Deep Sedation for ERCP: What Are the Preferences in the Literature?Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Review
- Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of ciprofol emulsion in Chinese subjects with normal or impaired renal function.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Article
- Sedation level with midazolam: A pediatric surgery approach.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2022Review
- The effect of Propofol versus Dexmedetomidine as anesthetic agents for oocyte pick-up on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Efficacy and safety of remimazolam in procedural sedation and analgesia: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis.Medicine · 2020Article
- A collaborative educational intervention on procedural sedation and analgesia across the Pacific.Acute medicine & surgery · 2019Article
- [Drugs for intravenous induction of anesthesia: ketamine, midazolam and synopsis of current hypnotics].Der Anaesthesist · 2018Article
- Metabolic Profiles of Propofol and Fospropofol: Clinical and Forensic Interpretative Aspects.BioMed research international · 2018Review
- Novel anesthetic technique for combined intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy for cervix cancer in an outpatient setting.Journal of contemporary brachytherapy · 2017Article
- Valeriana officinalis L. for conscious sedation of patients submitted to impacted lower third molar surgery: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled split-mouth study.Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences · 2014Article
- Safety of midazolam for sedation of HIV-positive patients undergoing colonoscopy.HIV medicine · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The ability to deliver safe and effective moderate sedation is crucial to the ability to perform invasive procedures. Sedative drugs should have a quick onset of action, provide rapid and clear-headed recovery, and be easy to administer and monitor. A number of drugs have been demonstrated to provide effective sedation for outpatient procedures but since each agent has its own limitations, a thorough knowledge of the available drugs is required to choose the appropriate drug, dose and/or combination regimen for individual patients. Midazolam, propofol, ketamine and sevoflurane are the most frequently used agents, and all have a quick onset of action and rapid recovery. The primary drawback of midazolam is the potential for accumulation of the drug, which can result in prolonged sedation and a hangover effect. The anaesthetics propofol and sevoflurane have recently been used for sedation in procedures of short duration. Although effective, these agents require monitored anaesthesia care. Ketamine is an effective agent, particularly in children, but there is concern regarding emergence reactions. AQUAVAN injection (fospropofol disodium), a phosphorylated prodrug of propofol, is an investigational agent possessing a unique and distinct pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile. Compared with propofol emulsion, AQUAVAN is associated with a slightly longer time to peak effect and a more prolonged pharmacodynamic effect. Advances in the delivery of sedation, including the development of new sedative agents, have the potential to further improve the provision of moderate sedation for a variety of invasive procedures.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.