ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2006
The roles of bacteria and TLR4 in rat and murine models of necrotizing enterocolitis.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 245 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
245 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 396 citations in OpenAlex.
- Research status and hotspots of hypothermia and human diseases: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Association of initial empirical antibiotic therapy with increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis.European journal of pediatrics · 2020Pooled it
- Intestinal dysbiosis in preterm infants preceding necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Microbiome · 2017Pooled it
- Intracellular heat shock protein-70 negatively regulates TLR4 signaling in the newborn intestinal epithelium.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2012Trial
- Multiomics analyses revealed the roles of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and novel early candidate diagnostic biomarkers in neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Article
- The gut-brain ConNECtion: exploring the developmental impact of necrotizing enterocolitis on the neonatal brain.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Necrotizing enterocolitis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Protective effects of enteral acetate supplementation against brain injury in a rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Vitamins as modulators of neonatal intestinal injury.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy alleviates intestinal and brain damage in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis.Medical gas research · 2025Article
- Gut Microbiome in Children with Congenital Heart Disease After Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery (GuMiBear Study).Pediatric cardiology · 2025Article
- The Nonbacterial Infant Microbiome and Necrotizing Enterocolitis.American journal of perinatology · 2025Review
- Necrotizing enterocolitis: specific human milk oligosaccharides prevent enteric glia loss and hypomotility.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Bedside Utilization of Intestinal Pathology in Preterm Infants with Surgical Necrotizing Enterocolitis.American journal of perinatology · 2025Review
- A novel modulator of IL-6R prevents inflammation-induced preterm birth and improves newborn outcome.EMBO molecular medicine · 2025Article
- A developmental role for toll like receptor 4 in the neonatal intestine.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Article
- Thrombin-preconditioned mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate experimental necrotizing enterocolitis.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- Necrotizing enterocolitis causes increased ileal goblet cell loss inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Effect of prenatal heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) administration on necrotizing enterocolitis-induced lung injury in a murine model.World journal of pediatric surgery · 2025Article
185 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Bacteria are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), but it is unknown whether their interaction with the epithelium can participate in the initiation of mucosal injury or they can act only following translocation across a damaged intestinal barrier. Our aims were to determine whether bacteria and intestinal epithelial TLR4 play roles in a well-established neonatal rat model and a novel neonatal murine model of NEC. Neonatal rats, C57BL/6J, C3HeB/FeJ (TLR4 wild type), and C3H/HeJ (TLR4 mutant) mice were delivered by Cesarean section and were subjected to formula feeding and cold asphyxia stress or were delivered naturally and were mother-fed. NEC incidence was evaluated by histological scoring, and gene expression was quantified using quantitative real-time PCR from cDNA generated from intestinal total RNA or from RNA obtained by laser capture microdissection. Spontaneous feeding catheter colonization or supplementation of cultured bacterial isolates to formula increased the incidence of experimental NEC. During the first 72 h of life, i.e., the time frame of NEC development in this model, intestinal TLR4 mRNA gradually decreases in mother-fed but increases in formula feeding and cold asphyxia stress, correlating with induced inducible NO synthase. TLR4, inducible NO synthase, and inflammatory cytokine induction occurred in the intestinal epithelium but not in the submucosa. NEC incidence was diminished in C3H/HeJ mice, compared with C3HeB/FeJ mice. In summary, bacteria and TLR4 play significant roles in experimental NEC, likely via an interaction of intraluminal bacteria and aberrantly overexpressed TLR4 in enterocytes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.