ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2006
A second generation of double mutant cholera toxin adjuvants: enhanced immunity without intracellular trafficking.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal Vaccine Development: From Adjuvant Design to Next-Generation Delivery Strategies.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Inducing Mucosal IgA: A Challenge for Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2017Review
- Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Toxin B Subunit (LTB) with Enterovirus 71 (EV71) Subunit VP1.International journal of molecular sciences · 2016Article
- Roles and relevance of mast cells in infection and vaccination.Journal of biomedical research · 2016Review
- Intranasal DNA Vaccine for Protection against Respiratory Infectious Diseases: The Delivery Perspectives.Pharmaceutics · 2014Article
- Polymyxins as novel and safe mucosal adjuvants to induce humoral immune responses in mice.PloS one · 2013Article
- Cholera toxin induces a shift from inactive to active cyclooxygenase 2 in alveolar macrophages activated by Mycobacterium bovis BCG.Infection and immunity · 2013Article
- Recent progress in mucosal vaccine development: potential and limitations.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2012Review
- Novel vaccine development strategies for inducing mucosal immunity.Expert review of vaccines · 2012Review
- The nasal dendritic cell-targeting Flt3 ligand as a safe adjuvant elicits effective protection against fatal pneumococcal pneumonia.Infection and immunity · 2011Article
- Article
- Oral-nasopharyngeal dendritic cells mediate T cell-independent IgA class switching on B-1 B cells.PloS one · 2011Article
- Contributions of edema factor and protective antigen to the induction of protective immunity by Bacillus anthracis edema toxin as an intranasal adjuvant.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2010Article
- LT-IIc, a new member of the type II heat-labile enterotoxin family encoded by an Escherichia coli strain obtained from a nonmammalian host.Infection and immunity · 2010Article
- Article
- Dendritic cell-targeting DNA-based mucosal adjuvants for the development of mucosal vaccines.Expert review of vaccines · 2009Review
- A novel adenovirus expressing Flt3 ligand enhances mucosal immunity by inducing mature nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissue dendritic cell migration.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2008Article
- Order-disorder-order transitions mediate the activation of cholera toxin.Journal of molecular biology · 2008Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Nasal application of native cholera toxin (nCT) as a mucosal adjuvant has potential toxicity for the CNS through binding to GM1 gangliosides in the olfactory nerves. Although mutants of cholera toxin (mCTs) have been developed that show mucosal adjuvant activity without toxicity, it still remains unclear whether these mCTs will induce CNS damage. To help overcome these concerns, in this study we created new double mutant CTs (dmCTs) that have two amino acid substitutions in the ADP-ribosyltransferase active center (E112K) and COOH-terminal KDEL (E112K/KDEV or E112K/KDGL). Confocal microscopic analysis showed that intracellular localization of dmCTs differed from that of mCTs and nCTs in intestinal epithelial T84 cells. Furthermore, both dmCTs exhibited very low toxicity in the Y1 cell assay and mouse ileal loop tests. When mucosal adjuvanticity was examined, both dmCTs induced enhanced OVA-specific immune responses in both mucosal and systemic lymphoid tissues. Interestingly, although both dmCT E112K/KDEV and dmCT E112K/KDGL showed high Th2-type and significant Th1-type cytokine responses by OVA-specific CD4+ T cells, dmCT E112K/KDEV exhibited significantly lower Th1-type cytokine responses than did nCT and dmCT E112K/KDGL. These results show that newly developed dmCTs retain strong biological adjuvant activity without CNS toxicity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.