ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2006
Cyclophosphamide enhances glioma virotherapy by inhibiting innate immune responses.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 199 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
199 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 359 citations in OpenAlex.
- A bibliometric review of oncolytic virus research as a novel approach for cancer therapy.Virology journal · 2021Pooled it
- A systematic review of ongoing clinical trials in optic pathway gliomas.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2020Pooled it
- Targeting leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 overcomes resistance to oncolytic herpes simplex virus-based therapies in glioblastoma.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Oncolytic human herpesvirus for cancer therapy.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Review
- Oncolytic HSV and cancer drug interactions: Current clinical status and future directions.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Review
- Oncolytic viruses as cancer therapeutics: From mechanistic insights to clinical translation.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Understanding the interplay between oHSV and the host immune system: Implications for therapeutic oncolytic virus development.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Herpes Simplex Oncolytic Viral Therapy for Malignant Glioma and Mechanisms of Delivery.World neurosurgery · 2025Review
- Synergistic effects of herpes oncolytic virus and cyclophosphamide for recurrent malignant glioma: a narrative review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Review
- Tutorial: design, production and testing of oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy.Nature protocols · 2024Review
- Oncolytic virus and tumor-associated macrophage interactions in cancer immunotherapy.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2024Review
- Oncolytic Viral Therapy in Osteosarcoma.Viruses · 2024Review
- Quasi-steady-state (QUASS) reconstruction enhances TMagnetic resonance in medicine · 2024Article
- Review
- Octyl itaconate enhances VSVΔ51 oncolytic virotherapy by multitarget inhibition of antiviral and inflammatory pathways.Nature communications · 2024Article
- A novel disulfidptosis-related gene signature predicts overall survival of glioblastoma patients.Future science OA · 2024Article
- Article
- The Dilemma of HSV-1 Oncolytic Virus Delivery: The Method Choice and Hurdles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
139 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Clinical trials are testing oncolytic viruses (OVs) as therapies for cancer. We have shown that animals that have brain tumors and are treated with a herpes simplex virus (HSV)-derived OV live significantly longer when cyclophosphamide (CPA) is preadministered. Here, we explore the mechanisms behind this finding. In a syngeneic rat glioma model, intratumoral HSV administration is associated with rapid increase of natural killer cells, microglia/macrophages (CD68+ and CD163+), and IFN-gamma. Pretreatment with CPA enhances HSV replication and oncolysis and reduces an HSV-mediated increase in CD68+ and CD163+ cells and intratumoral IFN-gamma. Molecular imaging shows CPA pretreatment to inhibit HSV-induced infiltration of tumor-associated phagocytic cells. Our results reveal molecular and cellular mechanisms that inhibit intratumoral spread of HSV and suggest a therapeutic path for improving the efficacy of virotherapy as a treatment for cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.