ReviewClinical and experimental immunology2006
The emergence of Beijing family genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and low-level protection by bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines: is there a link?
Review in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- First Insight into the Molecular Epidemiology ofBioMed research international · 2017Trial
- An ESAT-6-convergent prime-boost vaccination combining recombinant BCG expressing Mycobacterium marinum ESX-1 and ESAT-6/GLA-SE improves TB protection.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Efficacy and immunogenicity of rKVAC85B in a BCG prime-boost regimen against H37Rv and HN878 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains.PloS one · 2025Article
- BCG-booster vaccination with HSP90-ESAT-6-HspX-RipA multivalent subunit vaccine confers durable protection against hypervirulent Mtb in mice.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Article
- Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis-Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment of Two Beijing-like TB Cases.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- BCG re-vaccination in Malawi: 30-year follow-up of a large, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2021Article
- Molecular diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Sikkim, India and prediction of dominant spoligotypes using artificial intelligence.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Does the BCG vaccine have different effects on strains of tuberculosis?Clinical and experimental immunology · 2021Article
- TheF1000Research · 2021Article
- Article
- Preclinical Progress of Subunit and Live AttenuatedPharmaceutics · 2020Review
- Adaption of the ex vivo mycobacterial growth inhibition assay for use with murine lung cells.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Evidence for the Effect of Vaccination on Host-Pathogen Interactions in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Tuberculosis byFrontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Immunogenicity and Vaccine Potential of InsB, an ESAT-6-Like Antigen Identified in the Highly VirulentFrontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- Comparison of immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy between heat-shock proteins, HSP70 and GrpE, in the DnaK operon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Importance of differential identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains for understanding differences in their prevalence, treatment efficacy, and vaccine development.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2018Review
- Vaccines for Leprosy and Tuberculosis: Opportunities for Shared Research, Development, and Application.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Development of a One-Step Multiplex PCR Assay for Differential Detection of Major Mycobacterium Species.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2017Article
- Novel vaccine potential of Rv3131, a DosR regulon-encoded putative nitroreductase, against hyper-virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain K.Scientific reports · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The world is confronted with major tuberculosis (TB) outbreaks at a time when the protection of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has become inconsistent and controversial. Major TB outbreaks are caused by a group of genetically similar strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains, including the Beijing family genotypes. The Beijing family genotypes exhibit important pathogenic features such high virulence, multi-drug resistance and exogenous reinfection. These family strains have developed mechanisms that modulate/suppress immune responses by the host, such as inhibition of apoptosis of infected macrophages, diminished production of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and elevated levels of IL-10 and IL-18. They demonstrate distinct expression of proteins, such as several species of alpha-crystallin (a known Mtb virulence factor), but decreased expression of some antigens such as heat shock protein of 65 kDa, phosphate transport subunit S and a 47-kDa protein. In addition, the Beijing family strains specifically produce a highly bioactive lipid (a polyketide synthase)-derived phenolic glycolipid. This altered expression of proteins/glycolipids may be important factors underlying the success of the Beijing family strains. The Beijing family strains are speculated to have originated from South-east Asia, where BCG vaccination has been used for more than 60 years. The hypothesis that mass BCG vaccination may have been a selective factor that favoured genotypic and phenotypic characteristic acquired by the Beijing family strains is discussed.
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