ArticleBlood2006
CTLA-4 blockade decreases TGF-beta, IDO, and viral RNA expression in tissues of SIVmac251-infected macaques.
Article in Blood, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 95 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 166 citations in OpenAlex.
- Expression Profile and Biological Role of Immune Checkpoints in Disease Progression of HIV/SIV Infection.Viruses · 2022Pooled it
- The Hitchhiker Guide to CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- The Biologic IRL201805 Alters Immune Tolerance Leading to Prolonged Pharmacodynamics and Efficacy in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Trial
- Impact of Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Reservoir in People Living With HIV With Cancer on Antiretroviral Therapy: The AIDS Malignancy Consortium 095 Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- An open-label, multiple ascending dose study of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab in viremic HIV patients.PloS one · 2018Trial
- Trial
- HIV cure: from early therapies to cutting-edge strategies.Journal of neurovirology · 2026Review
- IL-21 and anti-α4β7 dual therapy during ART promotes immunological and microbiome responses in SIV-infected macaques.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Immunometabolism of Tregs: mechanisms, adaptability, and therapeutic implications in diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Review
- The Complex Dysregulations of CD4 T Cell Subtypes in HIV Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Review
- Immune restoration by TIGIT blockade is insufficient to control chronic SIV infection.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- GITR activationiScience · 2023Article
- Changes to the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Reservoir and Enhanced SIV-Specific Responses in a Rhesus Macaque Model of Functional Cure after Serial Rounds of Romidepsin Administrations.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Exacerbated AIDS Progression by PD-1 Blockade during Therapeutic Vaccination in Chronically Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques after Interruption of Antiretroviral Therapy.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Immune checkpoint blockade in HIV.EBioMedicine · 2022Review
- So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research.Viruses · 2022Review
- Challenges and Opportunities of Therapies Targeting Early Life Immunity for Pediatric HIV Cure.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Effects of therapeutic vaccination on the control of SIV in rhesus macaques with variable responsiveness to antiretroviral drugs.PloS one · 2021Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
16 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are a subset of CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells that constitutively express high levels of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and suppress T-cell activation and effector functions. T(reg) cells are increased in tissues of individuals infected with HIV-1 and macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV(mac251)). In HIV-1 infection, T(reg) cells could exert contrasting effects: they may limit viral replication by decreasing immune activation, or they may increase viral replication by suppressing virusspecific immune response. Thus, the outcome of blocking T(reg) function in HIV/SIV should be empirically tested. Here, we demonstrate that CD25(+) T cells inhibit virus-specific T-cell responses in cultured T cells from blood and lymph nodes of SIV-infected macaques. We investigated the impact of CTLA-4 blockade using the anti-CTLA-4 human antibody MDX-010 in SIV-infected macaques treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). CTLA-4 blockade decreased expression of the tryptophan-depleting enzyme IDO and the level of the suppressive cytokine transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in tissues. CTLA-4 blockade was associated with decreased viral RNA levels in lymph nodes and an increase in the effector function of both SIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Therefore, blunting T(reg) function in macaques infected with SIV did not have detrimental virologic effects and may provide a valuable approach to complement ART and therapeutic vaccination in the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.