ArticleJAMA2006
Effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b Conjugate vaccine introduction into routine childhood immunization in Kenya.
Article in JAMA, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 184 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-specific effects of Pneumococcal and Haemophilus vaccines in children aged 5 years and under: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2023Pooled it
- The effect of Haemophilus influenzae type B and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on childhood meningitis mortality: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2013Pooled it
- Dose-specific efficacy of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.Epidemiology and infection · 2012Pooled it
- The effect of Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on childhood pneumonia incidence, severe morbidity and mortality.International journal of epidemiology · 2010Pooled it
- Sequelae due to bacterial meningitis among African children: a systematic literature review.BMC medicine · 2009Pooled it
- A double blind community-based randomized trial of amoxicillin versus placebo for fast breathing pneumonia in children aged 2-59 months in Karachi, Pakistan (RETAPP).BMC infectious diseases · 2016Trial
- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given shortly after birth stimulates effective antibody concentrations and primes immunological memory for sustained infant protection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2011Trial
- Hospital surveillance of childhood bacterial meningitis in Senegal and the introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2010Trial
- Primary and booster vaccination in Latin American children with a DTPw-HBV/Hib combination: a randomized controlled trial.BMC infectious diseases · 2010Trial
- CumulativeFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Disease and Economic Burden Averted by Hib Vaccination in 160 Countries: A Machine-Learning Analysis.Vaccines · 2025Article
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- Article
- A predictive algorithm for identifying children with sickle cell anemia among children admitted to hospital with severe anemia in Africa.American journal of hematology · 2022Article
- Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Infections after 3 Decades of Hib Protein Conjugate Vaccine Use.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2021Review
- Article
- The Impact and Burden of Neurological Sequelae Following Bacterial Meningitis: A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Clinical features to distinguish meningitis among young infants at a rural Kenyan hospital.Archives of disease in childhood · 2021Article
- Mortality in rural coastal Kenya measured using the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System: a 16-year descriptive analysis.Wellcome open research · 2021Article
- Complete basic childhood vaccination and associated factors among children aged 12-23 months in East Africa: a multilevel analysis of recent demographic and health surveys.BMC public health · 2020Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
contextHaemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine is not perceived as a public health priority in Africa because data on Hib disease burden and vaccine effectiveness are scarce. Hib immunization was introduced in Kenyan infants in 2001.
objectiveTo define invasive Hib disease incidence and Hib vaccine program effectiveness in Kenya. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Culture-based surveillance for invasive Hib disease at Kilifi District Hospital from 2000 through 2005 was linked to demographic surveillance of 38,000 children younger than 5 years in Kilifi District, Kenya. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and Hib vaccination status were determined for children with Hib disease admitted 2002-2005.
interventionsIntroduction of conjugate Hib vaccine within the routine childhood immunization program at ages 6, 10, and 14 weeks beginning November 2001.
main outcome measuresIncidence of culture-proven Hib invasive disease before and after vaccine introduction and vaccine program effectiveness.
resultsPrior to vaccine introduction, the median age of children with Hib was 8 months; case fatality was 23%. Among children younger than 5 years, the annual incidence of invasive Hib disease 1 year before and 1 and 3 years after vaccine introduction was 66, 47, and 7.6 per 100,000, respectively. For children younger than 2 years, incidence was 119, 82, and 16 per 100,000, respectively. In 2004-2005, vaccine effectiveness was 88% (95% confidence interval, 73%-96%) among children younger than 5 years and 87% (95% confidence interval, 66%-96%) among children younger than 2 years. Of 53 children with Hib admitted during 2002-2005, 29 (55%) were age-ineligible to have received vaccine, 12 (23%) had not been vaccinated despite being eligible, and 12 (23%) had received 2 or more doses of vaccine (2 were HIV positive).
conclusionsIn Kenya, introduction of Hib vaccine into the routine childhood immunization program reduced Hib disease incidence among children younger than 5 years to 12% of its baseline level. This impact was not observed until the third year after vaccine introduction.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.