ArticleThe Journal of cell biology2006
The mitochondrial protein Bak is pivotal for gliotoxin-induced apoptosis and a critical host factor of Aspergillus fumigatus virulence in mice.
Article in The Journal of cell biology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aneuploidy promotes transient stress adaptation and metabolic flexibility in the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus.Current biology : CB · 2026Article
- Role of Microbial Toxins in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights and Future Perspectives.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Aspergillus fumigatus Gliotoxin Inhibits LC3-Associated Phagocytosis in Macrophages in a Calcium-Dependent Manner.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Article
- Whole-chromosome duplications drive antimicrobial resistance inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Progress in Gliotoxin Research.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Pathogen-induced mitochondrial dysfunction: mechanistic insights, immune crosstalk, and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- The Changes in Mitochondrial Morphology and Physiology Accompanying Apoptosis inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Epipolythiodioxopiperazine-Based Natural Products: Building Blocks, Biosynthesis and Biological Activities.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2022Review
- Taurine metabolism is modulated in Vibrio-infected Penaeus vannamei to shape shrimp antibacterial response and survival.Microbiome · 2022Article
- Genetic and Histopathological Alterations in Caco-2 and HuH-7 Cells Treated with Secondary Metabolites of Marine fungi.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2022Article
- The Toxic Mechanism of Gliotoxins and Biosynthetic Strategies for Toxicity Prevention.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Cyclic Dipeptides: The Biological and Structural Landscape with Special Focus on the Anti-Cancer Proline-Based Scaffold.Biomolecules · 2021Review
- Fungal-Induced Programmed Cell Death.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Programmed Cell Death: Central Player in Fungal Infections.Trends in cell biology · 2021Review
- In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Activity of Gliotoxin Alone and in Combination with Antibiotics againstToxins · 2021Article
- Fungal Toxins and Host Immune Responses.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Review
- Differential effects of the cystic fibrosis lung inflammatory environment on mesenchymal stromal cells.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2020Article
- Intracellular Delivery of Biologically-Active Fungal Metabolite Gliotoxin Using Magnetic Nanoparticles.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- miR-573 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis by targeting Bax in nucleus pulposus cells.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus infections cause high levels of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Gliotoxin (GT), a secondary metabolite, is cytotoxic for mammalian cells, but the molecular basis and biological relevance of this toxicity remain speculative. We show that GT induces apoptotic cell death by activating the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bak, but not Bax, to elicit the generation of reactive oxygen species, the mitochondrial release of apoptogenic factors, and caspase-3 activation. Activation of Bak by GT is direct, as GT triggers in vitro a dose-dependent release of cytochrome c from purified mitochondria isolated from wild-type and Bax- but not Bak-deficient cells. Resistance to A. fumigatus of mice lacking Bak compared to wild-type mice demonstrates the in vivo relevance of this GT-induced apoptotic pathway involving Bak and suggests a correlation between GT production and virulence. The elucidation of the molecular basis opens new strategies for the development of therapeutic regimens to combat A. fumigatus and related fungal infections.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.