ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2006
Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in sewage in Norway.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- From the field: a case of zoonotic transmission ofEpidemiology and infection · 2026Article
- Microbial Treatment Targets for Potable and Nonpotable Water Reuse - A Comprehensive Update and Harmonization.Environmental science & technology letters · 2024Article
- Assessment of potential zoonotic transmission ofOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Review
- Role of rodents in the zoonotic transmission of giardiasis.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Review
- Detection ofMicroorganisms · 2022Review
- Understanding Microbial Loads in Wastewater Treatment Works as Source Water for Water Reuse.Water · 2021Article
- Comparison of Predicted Microbiological Human Health Risks Associated with de Facto, Indirect, and Direct Potable Water Reuse.Environmental science & technology · 2019Review
- Multiplex polymerase chain reaction detection of enteropathogens in sewage in Norway.Acta veterinaria Scandinavica · 2019Article
- Protozoan Parasites in Drinking Water: A System Approach for Improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Developing Countries.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Review
- Direct potable reuse microbial risk assessment methodology: Sensitivity analysis and application to State log credit allocations.Water research · 2018Article
- Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. as contaminant protozoa of the main rivers of western Romania: genetic characterization and public health potential of the isolates.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2017Article
- Subtype analysis of Giardia duodenalis isolates from municipal and domestic raw wastewaters in Iran.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2017Article
- Cryptosporidium Attenuation across the Wastewater Treatment Train: Recycled Water Fit for Purpose.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2017Article
- Contribution of environmental media to cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis prevalence in Tehran: a focus on surface waters.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2016Article
- Real scale environmental monitoring of zoonotic protozoa and helminth eggs in biosolid samples in Brazil.Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2016Article
- Human infective potential of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in urban wastewater treatment plant effluents.Journal of water and health · 2016Article
- Sentinels in a climatic outpost: Endoparasites in the introduced muskox (Ovibos moschatus wardi) population of Dovrefjell, Norway.International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2014Article
- Infectivity of Giardia duodenalis Cysts from UV Light-Disinfected Wastewater Effluent Using a Nude BALB/c Mouse Model.ISRN parasitology · 2013Article
- Municipal wastewater treatment plants as removal systems and environmental sources of human-virulent microsporidian spores.Parasitology research · 2011Article
- Molecular identification and distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia duodenalis in raw urban wastewater in Harbin, China.Parasitology research · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Samples of sewage influent from 40 sewage treatment works (STW) throughout Norway were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia duodenalis cysts. Both parasites were detected frequently (80% of STW were Cryptosporidium positive; 93% of STW were Giardia positive) and at maximum concentrations of > 20,000 parasites/liter. The data suggest giardiasis is more widespread, and/or occurs with greater infection intensity, than cryptosporidiosis in Norway. STW serving higher person equivalents were more likely to be positive and had higher parasite concentrations. Parasite concentrations were used to estimate the proportion of contributing populations that could be clinically infected. For Cryptosporidium, the highest estimates were up to 5 per 100,000 individuals for two populations in eastern Norway. For Giardia, the highest estimate was 40 infected per 100,000 persons (approximately five times the usual national annual average) contributing to an STW in western Norway. As this population experienced a large waterborne giardiasis outbreak 6 months after sampling, it can be speculated that regular challenge with Giardia may occur here. Most Giardia isolates in sewage influent were assemblage A, although some assemblage B isolates were detected. There was substantial heterogeneity, but most samples contained isolates similar to genotype A3. Removal efficiencies at two STW with secondary treatment processes were estimated to be approximately 50% for Cryptosporidium and > 80% for Giardia. An STW with minimal treatment had negligible removal of both parasites. Many STW in Norway have minimal treatment and discharge effluent into rivers and lakes, thus, risk of contamination of water courses by Cryptosporidium and Giardia is considerable.
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