ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2006
The putatively functional Mkrn1-p1 pseudogene is neither expressed nor imprinted, nor does it regulate its source gene in trans.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ebastine-mediated destabilization of E3 ligase MKRN1 protects against metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Article
- MRKNs: Gene, Functions, and Role in Disease and Infection.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Evolutionary Conservation of MKRN3 and Other Makorins and Their Roles in Puberty Initiation and Endocrine Functions.Seminars in reproductive medicine · 2019Review
- Loss of the E3 ubiquitin ligase MKRN1 represses diet-induced metabolic syndrome through AMPK activation.Nature communications · 2018Article
- dreamBase: DNA modification, RNA regulation and protein binding of expressed pseudogenes in human health and disease.Nucleic acids research · 2018Article
- The Effect of Botulinum Toxin Type A on Expression Profiling of Long Noncoding RNAs in Human Dermal Fibroblasts.BioMed research international · 2017Article
- Are Human Translated Pseudogenes Functional?Molecular biology and evolution · 2016Article
- A nuclear ribosomal DNA pseudogene in triatomines opens a new research field of fundamental and applied implications in Chagas disease.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2015Article
- Competition between target sites of regulators shapes post-transcriptional gene regulation.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2015Review
- Gene-pseudogene evolution: a probabilistic approach.BMC genomics · 2015Article
- Article
- Not so pseudo anymore: pseudogenes as therapeutic targets.Pharmacogenomics · 2013Article
- Transcribed pseudogene ψPPM1K generates endogenous siRNA to suppress oncogenic cell growth in hepatocellular carcinoma.Nucleic acids research · 2013Article
- MKRN expression pattern during embryonic and post-embryonic organogenesis in rice (Oryza sativa L. var. Nipponbare).Planta · 2013Article
- pseudoMap: an innovative and comprehensive resource for identification of siRNA-mediated mechanisms in human transcribed pseudogenes.Database : the journal of biological databases and curation · 2013Article
- Acceleration of gastric tumorigenesis through MKRN1-mediated posttranslational regulation of p14ARF.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2012Article
- Makorin ring zinc finger protein 1 (MKRN1), a novel poly(A)-binding protein-interacting protein, stimulates translation in nerve cells.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2012Article
- In with the old, in with the new: the promiscuity of the duplication process engenders diverse pathways for novel gene creation.International journal of evolutionary biology · 2012Article
- Pseudogenes: pseudo-functional or key regulators in health and disease?RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2011Review
- Shotgun proteomics aids discovery of novel protein-coding genes, alternative splicing, and "resurrected" pseudogenes in the mouse genome.Genome research · 2011Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A recently promoted genome evolution model posits that mammalian pseudogenes can regulate their founding source genes, and it thereby ascribes an important function to "junk DNA." This model arose from analysis of a serendipitous mouse mutant in which a transgene insertion/deletion caused severe polycystic kidney disease and osteogenesis imperfecta with approximately 80% perinatal lethality, when inherited paternally [Hirotsune, S., et al. (2003) Nature 423, 91-96]. The authors concluded that the transgene reduced the expression of a nearby transcribed and imprinted pseudogene, Mkrn1-p1. This reduction in chromosome 5-imprinted Mkrn1-p1 transcripts was proposed to destabilize the cognate chromosome 6 Mkrn1 source gene mRNA, with a partial reduction in one Mkrn1 isoform leading to the imprinted phenotype. Here, we show that 5' Mkrn1-p1 is fully methylated on both alleles, a pattern indicative of silenced chromatin, and that Mkrn1-p1 is not transcribed and therefore cannot stabilize Mkrn1 transcripts in trans. A small, truncated, rodent-specific Mkrn1 transcript explains the product erroneously attributed to Mkrn1-p1. Additionally, Mkrn1 expression is not imprinted, and 5' Mkrn1 is fully unmethylated. Finally, mice in which Mkrn1 has been directly disrupted show none of the phenotypes attributed to a partial reduction of Mkrn1. These data contradict the previous suggestions that Mkrn1-p1 is imprinted, and that either it or its source Mkrn1 gene relates to the original imprinted transgene phenotype. This study invalidates the data upon which the pseudogene trans-regulation model is based and therefore strongly supports the view that mammalian pseudogenes are evolutionary relics.
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