ArticleInfection and immunity2006
Bacillus anthracis spores stimulate cytokine and chemokine innate immune responses in human alveolar macrophages through multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Article
- Gene expression profiling of primary human type I alveolar epithelial cells exposed to Bacillus anthracis spores reveals induction of neutrophil and monocyte chemokines.Microbial pathogenesis · 2018Article
- Passive protection against anthrax in mice with plasma derived from horses hyper-immunized againstPeerJ · 2017Article
- Bacillus anthracis spore movement does not require a carrier cell and is not affected by lethal toxin in human lung models.Microbes and infection · 2016Article
- Crossing of the epithelial barriers by Bacillus anthracis: the Known and the Unknown.Frontiers in microbiology · 2015Review
- Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin reduces human alveolar epithelial barrier function.Infection and immunity · 2012Article
- The poly-γ-D-glutamic acid capsule of Bacillus anthracis enhances lethal toxin activity.Infection and immunity · 2011Article
- Emergence of anthrax edema toxin as a master manipulator of macrophage and B cell functions.Toxins · 2010Review
- Human lung innate immune cytokine response to adenovirus type 7.The Journal of general virology · 2010Article
- Bacillus anthracis capsule activates caspase-1 and induces interleukin-1beta release from differentiated THP-1 and human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.Infection and immunity · 2010Article
- Resistance of human alveolar macrophages to Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2009Article
- Gene expression profiling of human alveolar macrophages infected by B. anthracis spores demonstrates TNF-alpha and NF-kappab are key components of the innate immune response to the pathogen.BMC infectious diseases · 2009Article
- Sporulation in mycobacteria.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2009Article
- Bacillus anthracis edema toxin suppresses human macrophage phagocytosis and cytoskeletal remodeling via the protein kinase A and exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP pathways.Infection and immunity · 2009Article
- Anthrax lethal toxin impairs IL-8 expression in epithelial cells through inhibition of histone H3 modification.PLoS pathogens · 2009Article
- Role of anthrax toxins in dissemination, disease progression, and induction of protective adaptive immunity in the mouse aerosol challenge model.Infection and immunity · 2009Article
- Anthrax lethal toxin and Salmonella elicit the common cell death pathway of caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis via distinct mechanisms.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2008Article
- Article
- Edema toxin impairs anthracidal phospholipase A2 expression by alveolar macrophages.PLoS pathogens · 2007Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Contact with the human alveolar macrophage plays a key role in the innate immune response to Bacillus anthracis spores. Because there is a significant delay between the initial contact of the spore with the host and clinical evidence of disease, there appears to be temporary containment of the pathogen by the innate immune system. Therefore, the early macrophage response to Bacillus anthracis exposure is important in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease. In this paper, we studied the initial events after exposure to spores, beginning with the rapid internalization of spores by the macrophages. Spore exposure rapidly activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase, and p38. This was followed by the transcriptional activation of cytokine and primarily monocyte chemokine genes as determined by RNase protection assays. Transcriptional induction is reflected at the translational level, as interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) cytokine protein levels were markedly elevated as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Induction of IL-6 and TNF-alpha, and, to a lesser extent, IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, was partially inhibited by the blockade of individual mitogen-activated protein kinases, while the complete inhibition of cytokine induction was achieved when multiple signaling pathway inhibitors were used. Taken together, these data clearly show activation of the innate immune system in human alveolar macrophages by Bacillus anthracis spores. The data also show that multiple signaling pathways are involved in this cytokine response. This report is the first comprehensive examination of this process in primary human alveolar macrophages.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.