ArticleJournal of virology2006
Assembly of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens on bacteriophage T4: a novel in vitro approach to construct multicomponent HIV vaccines.
Article in Journal of virology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bacteriophages as vaccine platforms: Opportunities and challenges in translation.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Advances in the Functionalization of Vaccine Delivery Systems: Innovative Strategies and Translational Perspectives.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Bacteriophages as Targeted Therapeutic Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- A Comprehensive Review on Phage Therapy and Phage-Based Drug Development.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Phage-based delivery systems: engineering, applications, and challenges in nanomedicines.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Review
- Evaluation of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of bacteriophage conjugated haemagglutinin based subunit vaccine against equine influenza virus in a murine model.Veterinary research communications · 2024Article
- Advancement in the development of single chain antibodies using phage display technology.PeerJ · 2024Article
- Monomeric streptavidin phage display allows efficient immobilization of bacteriophages on magnetic particles for the capture, separation, and detection of bacteria.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Review
- Genetic Engineering and Biosynthesis Technology: Keys to Unlocking the Chains of Phage Therapy.Viruses · 2023Review
- Bacteriophage T4 as a nanovehicle for delivery of genes and therapeutics into human cells.Current opinion in virology · 2022Review
- The Many Applications of Engineered Bacteriophages-An Overview.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Bacteriophages as Potential Tools for Use in Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccine Development.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Bacteriophage Capsid Modification by Genetic and Chemical Methods.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2021Review
- Bacteriophage T4 Vaccine Platform for Next-Generation Influenza Vaccine Development.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Keeping It Together: Structures, Functions, and Applications of Viral Decoration Proteins.Viruses · 2020Review
- Article
- Bacteriophages engineered to display foreign peptides may become short-circulating phages.Microbial biotechnology · 2019Article
- Plant/Bacterial Virus-Based Drug Discovery, Drug Delivery, and Therapeutics.Pharmaceutics · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Bacteriophage T4 capsid is an elongated icosahedron decorated with 155 copies of Hoc, a nonessential highly antigenic outer capsid protein. One Hoc monomer is present in the center of each major capsid protein (gp23*) hexon. We describe an in vitro assembly system which allows display of HIV antigens, p24-gag, Nef, and an engineered gp41 C-peptide trimer, on phage T4 capsid surface through Hoc-capsid interactions. In-frame fusions were constructed by splicing the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genes to the 5' or 3' end of the Hoc gene. The Hoc fusion proteins were expressed, purified, and displayed on hoc(-) phage particles in a defined in vitro system. Single or multiple antigens were efficiently displayed, leading to saturation of all available capsid binding sites. The displayed p24 was highly immunogenic in mice in the absence of any external adjuvant, eliciting strong p24-specific antibodies, as well as Th1 and Th2 cellular responses with a bias toward the Th2 response. The phage T4 system offers new direction and insights for HIV vaccine development with the potential to increase the breadth of both cellular and humoral immune responses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.