ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2006
IgD, like IgM, is a primordial immunoglobulin class perpetuated in most jawed vertebrates.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 213 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characterization of immunoglobulin loci inNAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Adaptive Immunity in Marsupials.Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology · 2026Review
- Biophysical properties of IgD determine thresholds for self-tolerance and selection into germinal centers.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Origin of immunoglobulins and T cell receptors: A candidate gene for invasion by the RAG transposon.Science advances · 2025Article
- The unexpected role of nurse shark pancreas as a secondary lymphoid organ.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- The Crystal Structure of Human IgD-Fc Reveals Unexpected Differences With Other Antibody Isotypes.Proteins · 2025Article
- The Janus (dual) model of immunoglobulin isotype evolution: Conservation and plasticity are the defining paradigms.Immunological reviews · 2024Review
- vNARs as Neutralizing Intracellular Therapeutic Agents: Glioblastoma as a Target.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Teleost IgDiScience · 2023Article
- Crystal structures of the human IgD Fab reveal insights into CMolecular immunology · 2023Article
- Evolution of the Immunoglobulin Isotypes-Variations of Biophysical Properties among Animal Classes.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Henipavirus Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis Mechanisms: Lessons Learnt from Natural Infection and Animal Models.Viruses · 2022Review
- Rad52 mediates class-switch DNA recombination to IgD.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Lost structural and functional inter-relationships between Ig and TCR loci in mammals revealed in sharks.Immunogenetics · 2021Review
- Immunoglobulins in teleosts.Immunogenetics · 2021Review
- The immunoglobulins of cartilaginous fishes.Developmental and comparative immunology · 2021Review
- The Immune System and the Antiviral Responses in Chinese Giant Salamander,Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- IgM Deficiency in Autoimmune Blistering Mucocutaneous Diseases Following Various Treatments: Long Term Follow-Up and Relevant Observations.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Teleost IgDCell reports · 2019Article
- Ancient Use of Ig Variable Domains Contributes Significantly to the TCRδ Repertoire.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2019Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
IgD has remained a mysterious Ig class and a bane to immunology students since its discovery >40 years ago. Its spotty occurrence in mammals and birds and the discovery of an isotype with similarities to IgD in bony fish are perplexing. We have identified IgD heavy (H) chain (delta) from the amphibian Xenopus tropicalis during examination of the IgH locus. The Xenopus delta gene is in the same position, immediately 3' of the IgM gene, as in mammals, and it is expressed only in the spleen at low levels, primarily as a transmembrane receptor by surface IgM(+) cells. Our data suggest that frog IgD is expressed on mature B cells, like in mouse/human. Unexpectedly, Xenopus IgD is orthologous to IgW, an Ig isotype found only in cartilaginous fish and lungfish, demonstrating that IgD/W, like IgM, was present in the ancestor of all living jawed vertebrates. In striking contrast to IgM, IgD/W is evolutionarily labile, showing many duplications/deletions of domains, the presence of multiple splice forms, existence as predominantly a secretory or transmembrane form, or loss of the entire gene in a species-specific manner. Our study suggests that IgD/W has played varied roles in different vertebrate taxa since the inception of the adaptive immune system, and it may have been preserved as a flexible locus over evolutionary time to complement steadfast IgM.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.