ArticleBlood2006
Development of a macrophage-based nanoparticle platform for antiretroviral drug delivery.
Article in Blood, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 132 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
132 citing papers in PubMed.
- Opportunities for artificial intelligence and synthetic biology in designing living drug delivery systems.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2026Review
- Hijacking the Host: Post-Translational Modifications as Molecular Switches in HIV Persistence and Immune Evasion.Journal of medical virology · 2026Review
- Immunocyte reprogramming empowers live-cell drug delivery: Mechanistic insights, delivery strategies, and clinical perspectives.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Macrophage-mediated delivery of ganciclovir nanocomplexes inhibits the pathogenicity of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Programmable self-replicating JEV nanotherapeutics redefine RNA delivery in ALS.Communications biology · 2025Review
- Cell-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Innovative Drug Transporters for Targeted Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Macrophage based drug delivery: Key challenges and strategies.Bioactive materials · 2024Review
- Macrophage-Based Microrobots for Anticancer Therapy: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Biomimetic Systems Involving Macrophages and Their Potential for Targeted Drug Delivery.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Molecular Factors and Pathways of Hepatotoxicity Associated with HIV/SARS-CoV-2 Protease Inhibitors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Macrophages as Promising Carriers for Nanoparticle Delivery in Anticancer Therapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2023Review
- Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: An emerging antibacterial platform for pathogens of food animals.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Review
- Macrophage cell membrane-based nanoparticles: a new promising biomimetic platform for targeted delivery and treatment.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2022Review
- Review
- Using Extracellular Vesicles Released by GDNF-Transfected Macrophages for Therapy of Parkinson Disease.Cells · 2022Article
- Power in Numbers: Harnessing Combinatorial and Integrated Screens to Advance Nanomedicine.JACS Au · 2022Review
- Bacteria and cells as alternative nano-carriers for biomedical applications.Expert opinion on drug delivery · 2022Review
- Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery System for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Optimization of the Cell Source.Advanced nanobiomed research · 2021Article
- Lipophilic nanocrystal prodrug-release defines the extended pharmacokinetic profiles of a year-long cabotegravir.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Mannosylated Cationic Copolymers for Gene Delivery to Macrophages.Macromolecular bioscience · 2021Article
72 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Complex dosing regimens, costs, side effects, biodistribution limitations, and variable drug pharmacokinetic patterns have affected the long-term efficacy of antiretroviral medicines. To address these problems, a nanoparticle indinavir (NP-IDV) formulation packaged into carrier bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) was developed. Drug distribution and disease outcomes were assessed in immune-competent and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected humanized immune-deficient mice, respectively. In the former, NP-IDV formulation contained within BMMs was adoptively transferred. After a single administration, single-photon emission computed tomography, histology, and reverse-phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) demonstrated robust lung, liver, and spleen BMMs and drug distribution. Tissue and sera IDV levels were greater than or equal to 50 microM for 2 weeks. NP-IDV-BMMs administered to HIV-1-challenged humanized mice revealed reduced numbers of virus-infected cells in plasma, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and lung, as well as, CD4(+) T-cell protection. We conclude that a single dose of NP-IDV, using BMMs as a carrier, is effective and warrants consideration for human testing.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.