ArticleMolecular microbiology2006
Antigenic variation by Borrelia hermsii occurs through recombination between extragenic repetitive elements on linear plasmids.
Article in Molecular microbiology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 77 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed.
- Relapsing fever revisited: New insights into neglected borrelial infections.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Review
- Genomic and structural analysis of major antigenic proteins' variability in the human relapsing fever spirocheteCurrent research in microbial sciences · 2026Article
- Antigenic variation is caused by long plasmid segment conversion in a hard tick-borne relapsing fever Borrelia miyamotoi.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Article
- Tick-Borne Diseases and Pregnancy: A Narrative Review Evaluating Pregnancy Complications Caused by Tick-Borne Diseases.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Review
- Combining short- and long-read sequencing unveils geographically structured diversity iniScience · 2024Article
- Meta-analysis of the Vmp-like sequences of Lyme diseaseFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Comparative genomics analysis of three conserved plasmid families in the Western Hemisphere soft tick-borne relapsing fever borreliae provides insight into variation in genome structure and antigenic variation systems.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- The RRM-mediated RNA binding activity in T. brucei RAP1 is essential for VSG monoallelic expression.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Comparative genomics analysis of three conserved plasmid families in the Western Hemisphere soft tick-borne relapsing fever borreliae provides insight into variation in genome structure and antigenic variation systems.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Article
- Comparative genomics of the Western Hemisphere soft tick-borne relapsing fever borreliae highlights extensive plasmid diversity.BMC genomics · 2022Article
- Review
- The First Immunocompetent Mouse Model of Strictly Human Pathogen, Borrelia recurrentis.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- The evolution of hard tick-borne relapsing fever borreliae is correlated with vector species rather than geographical distance.BMC ecology and evolution · 2021Article
- Lyme Disease Pathogenesis.Current issues in molecular biology · 2021Review
- Pathogenesis of Relapsing Fever.Current issues in molecular biology · 2021Review
- Transgenic functional complementation with a transmission -associated protein restores spirochete infectivity by tick bite.Ticks and tick-borne diseases · 2020Article
- Immune Evasion Strategies of Relapsing Fever Spirochetes.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Cis-acting DNA elements flanking the variable major protein expression site of Borrelia hermsii are required for murine persistence.MicrobiologyOpen · 2018Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii undergoes multiphasic antigenic variation through gene conversion of a unique expression site on a linear plasmid by an archived variable antigen gene. To further characterize this mechanism we assessed the repertoire and organization of archived variable antigen genes by sequencing approximately 85% of plasmids bearing these genes. Most archived genes shared with the expressed gene a <or= 62 nucleotide (nt) region, the upstream homology sequence (UHS), that surrounded the start codon. The 59 archived variable antigen genes were arrayed in clusters with 13 repetitive, 214 nt long downstream homology sequence (DHS) elements distributed among them. A fourteenth DHS element was downstream of the expression locus. Informative nucleotide polymorphisms in UHS regions and DHS elements were applied to the analysis of the expression site of relapse serotypes from 60 infected mice in a prospective study. For most recombinations, the upstream crossover occurred in the UHS's second half, and the downstream crossover was in the DHS's second half. Usually the closest archival DHS element was used, but occasionally a more distant DHS was employed. The downstream extragenic crossover site in B. hermsii contrasts with the upstream [corrected] extragenic crossover site for antigenic variation in African trypanosomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.