ArticleBMC microbiology2006
The Bacillus anthracis cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, Anthrolysin O, kills human neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploitation of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins for targeted biosensing and therapeutic systems.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Integrative phylogenomic and pangenome landscape of Bacillus: insights from 10,000 genomes into taxonomy, functional potential, and biotechnological applications.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Article
- Discerning dangerous gain of function: most gain of function (GoF) research does not involve infectious microbes.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
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- Intermedilysin cytolytic activity depends on heparan sulfates and membrane composition.PLoS genetics · 2021Article
- Article
- Interaction of Macrophages and Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins: The Impact on Immune Response and Cellular Survival.Toxins · 2020Review
- TheMicrobiology spectrum · 2019Review
- Bacterial Virulence Factors: Secreted for Survival.Indian journal of microbiology · 2017Review
- Infiltrated Macrophages Die of Pneumolysin-Mediated Necroptosis following Pneumococcal Myocardial Invasion.Infection and immunity · 2016Article
- Bacterial Toxins as Pathogen Weapons Against Phagocytes.Frontiers in microbiology · 2016Review
- Unexpected Roles for Toll-Like Receptor 4 and TRIF in Intraocular Infection with Gram-Positive Bacteria.Infection and immunity · 2015Article
- Through the wall: extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2015Review
- Review
- Role of pore-forming toxins in bacterial infectious diseases.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2013Review
- Bacillus anthracis factors for phagosomal escape.Toxins · 2012Review
- Activation of the classical complement pathway by Bacillus anthracis is the primary mechanism for spore phagocytosis and involves the spore surface protein BclA.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2012Article
- Bacillus anthracis produces membrane-derived vesicles containing biologically active toxins.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2010Article
- Activation of the latent PlcR regulon in Bacillus anthracis.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2010Article
- The role of anthrolysin O in gut epithelial barrier disruption during Bacillus anthracis infection.Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBacillus anthracis is an animal and human pathogen whose virulence is characterized by lethal and edema toxin, as well as a poly-glutamic acid capsule. In addition to these well characterized toxins, B. anthracis secretes several proteases and phospholipases, and a newly described toxin of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family, Anthrolysin O (ALO).
resultsIn the present studies we show that recombinant ALO (rALO) or native ALO, secreted by viable B. anthracis, is lethal to human primary polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), lymphocytes, THP-1 monocytic human cell line and ME-180, Detroit 562, and A549 epithelial cells by trypan blue exclusion or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release viability assays. ALO cytotoxicity is dose and time dependent and susceptibility to ALO-mediated lysis differs between cell types. In addition, the viability of monocytes and hMDMs was assayed in the presence of vegetative Sterne strains 7702 (ALO+), UT231 (ALO-), and a complemented strain expressing ALO, UT231 (pUTE544), and was dependent upon the expression of ALO. Cytotoxicity of rALO is seen as low as 0.070 nM in the absence of serum. All direct cytotoxic activity is inhibited by the addition of cholesterol or serum concentration as low as 10%.
conclusionThe lethality of rALO and native ALO on human monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes supports the idea that ALO may represent a previously unidentified virulence factor of B. anthracis. The study of other factors produced by B. anthracis, along with the major anthrax toxins, will lead to a better understanding of this bacterium's pathogenesis, as well as provide information for the development of antitoxin vaccines for treating and preventing anthrax.
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Registered trials
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