ArticleJournal of bacteriology2006
Spx is a global effector impacting stress tolerance and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus.
Article in Journal of bacteriology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 101 papers.
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Who cites it
101 citing papers in PubMed, 166 citations in OpenAlex.
- Crosslinked agarose-gelatine beads as a substrate for investigating biofilms of bacterial pathogens.Biofilm · 2026Article
- Article
- Role of ClpX and MsrA/B in the Oxidative and Cell Wall Stress Response in Bacillus anthracis Sterne.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- SpxA1 and SpxA2 Function as a Stoichiometry-Dependent Regulatory Rheostat Governing Virulence Gene Expression in Group A Streptococcus.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Unraveling proteomic chaos by independent component analysis-ClpX proficiency promotes the iron and oxygen limitation responses ofmSystems · 2025Article
- Activation of the Spx redox sensor counters cysteine-driven Fe(II) depletion under disulfide stress.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Cell splitting in Staphylococcus aureus is controlled by an adaptor protein facilitating degradation of a peptidoglycan hydrolase.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- Article
- The pathogenicity and virulence of the opportunistic pathogenVirulence · 2024Review
- The Spx stress regulator confers high-level β-lactam resistance and decreases susceptibility to last-line antibiotics in methicillin-resistantAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2024Article
- The Synergistic Activity of Rhamnolipid Combined with Linezolid against Linezolid-ResistantMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A Clinically Selected Staphylococcus aureusAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2023Article
- A genetic regulatory see-saw of biofilm and virulence in MRSA pathogenesis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Targeting the Achilles' Heel of Multidrug-ResistantInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Analysis of host-pathogen gene association networks reveals patient-specific response to streptococcal and polymicrobial necrotising soft tissue infections.BMC medicine · 2022Article
- Antimicrobial Peptides as an Alternative for the Eradication of Bacterial Biofilms of Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Diaryl Urea Derivative Molecule Inhibits CariogenicFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Article
- Staphylococcal ClpXP protease targets the cellular antioxidant system to eliminate fitness-compromised cells in stationary phase.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Non-Antimicrobial Adjuvant Strategies to Tackle Biofilm-RelatedAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
41 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In Bacillus subtilis, Spx was recently characterized as a novel type of global regulator whose activity is regulated by the redox status of the cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that inactivation of Spx in the important pathogen Staphylococcus aureus renders the cells hypersensitive to a wide range of stress conditions including high and low temperature, high osmolarity, and hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, growth was restricted under nonstress conditions. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that the proteome of the spx mutant differs substantially from the proteome of wild-type cells, supporting the finding that Spx is also a global regulator in S. aureus. More specifically, we demonstrated that Spx is required for transcription of trxB, encoding thioredoxin reductase, under all growth conditions examined. As trxB is essential in S. aureus, we speculate that the severely reduced trxB transcription could account for some of the growth defects of the spx mutant. Inactivation of spx also enhanced biofilm formation. S. aureus biofilm formation is associated with the production of the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin encoded by the ica operon. Interestingly, our data indicate that the augmented capacity of the spx mutant to form biofilms is due to Spx modulating the expression of icaR, encoding a repressor of the structural ica genes (icaABCD). In summary, we conclude that Spx fulfills an important role for growth, general stress protection, and biofilm formation in S. aureus.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.