ArticleBMC cardiovascular disorders2006
Evaluation of CXCL9 and CXCL10 as circulating biomarkers of human cardiac allograft rejection.
Article in BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identification of Candidate Biomarkers for Transplant Rejection from Transcriptome Data: A Systematic Review.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2019Pooled it
- Dynamic cellular programs of human cardiac allograft rejection revealed by spatial transcriptomics.Nature cardiovascular research · 2026Article
- Article
- A common rejection module (CRM) for acute rejection across multiple organs identifies novel therapeutics for organ transplantation.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2013Article
- Gene expression profiling in acute allograft rejection: challenging the immunologic constant of rejection hypothesis.Journal of translational medicine · 2011Article
- Cooperativity of adaptive and innate immunity: implications for cancer therapy.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2011Review
- The VLDL receptor promotes lipotoxicity and increases mortality in mice following an acute myocardial infarction.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2011Article
- Comparison of multiplex meta analysis techniques for understanding the acute rejection of solid organ transplants.BMC bioinformatics · 2010Article
- Gene-expression profiling in vaccine therapy and immunotherapy for cancer.Expert review of vaccines · 2010Review
- Regulation of human aldoketoreductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) gene expression in the adipose tissue.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2008Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCardiac allograft rejection remains a significant clinical problem in the early phase after heart transplantation and requires frequent surveillance with endomyocardial biopsy. However, this is an invasive procedure, which is unpleasant for the patient and carries a certain risk. Therefore, a sensitive non-invasive biomarker of acute rejection would be desirable.
methodsEndomyocardial tissue samples and serum were obtained in connection with clinical biopsies from twenty consecutive heart transplant patients followed for six months. A rejection episode was observed in 14 patients (11 men and 3 women) and biopsies obtained before, during and after the episode were identified. Endomyocardial RNA, from three patients, matching these three points in time were analysed with DNA microarray. Genes showing up-regulation during rejection followed by normalization after the rejection episode were evaluated further with real-time RT-PCR. Finally, ELISA was performed to investigate whether change in gene-regulation during graft rejection was reflected in altered concentrations of the encoded protein in serum.
resultsThree potential cardiac allograft rejection biomarker genes, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10) and Natriuretic peptide precursor A (NPPA), from the DNA microarray analysis were selected for further evaluation. CXCL9 was significantly upregulated during rejection (p < 0.05) and CXCL10 displayed a similar pattern without reaching statistical significance. Serum levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 were measured by ELISA in samples from 10 patients before, during and after cardiac rejection. There were no changes in CXCL9 and CXCL10 serum concentrations during cardiac rejection. Both chemokines displayed large individual variations in the selected samples, but the serum levels between the two chemokines correlated (p < 0.001).
conclusionWe conclude, that despite a distinct up-regulation of CXCL9 mRNA in human hearts during cardiac allograft rejection, this was not reflected in the serum levels of the encoded protein. Thus, in contrast to previous suggestions, serum CXCL9 does not appear to be a promising serum biomarker for cardiac allograft rejection.
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