ArticleJournal of virology2006
Residual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viremia in some patients on antiretroviral therapy is dominated by a small number of invariant clones rarely found in circulating CD4+ T cells.
Article in Journal of virology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 295 papers.
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Who cites it
295 citing papers in PubMed, 417 citations in OpenAlex.
- Longitudinal study reveals HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cell dynamics during long-term antiretroviral therapy.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2020Trial
- HIV-1 variants are archived throughout infection and persist in the reservoir.PLoS pathogens · 2020Trial
- HIV-1 in lymph nodes is maintained by cellular proliferation during antiretroviral therapy.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2019Trial
- No evidence of HIV replication in children on antiretroviral therapy.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2017Trial
- Broad activation of latent HIV-1 in vivo.Nature communications · 2016Trial
- HIV-1 DNA decay dynamics in blood during more than a decade of suppressive antiretroviral therapy.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2014Trial
- A randomized open-label study of 3- versus 5-drug combination antiretroviral therapy in newly HIV-1-infected individuals.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2014Trial
- The HIV-1 reservoir in eight patients on long-term suppressive antiretroviral therapy is stable with few genetic changes over time.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2013Trial
- Modelling HIV-1 2-LTR dynamics following raltegravir intensification.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2013Trial
- Monitoring of HIV type 1 DNA load and drug resistance in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during suppressive antiretroviral therapy does not predict virologic failure.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2012Trial
- Antigen Stimulation Reactivates HIV-1 Proviruses Despite Integration in Repressive Chromatin.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- 5' leader defects drive persistent HIV-1 viremia on long-term ART.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Similar Changes in Proviral Landscapes Over 10 Years in 40 Individuals With Diverging HIV Reservoir Dynamics and Viral Load Kinetics.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Investigating the dynamics of proviral silencing in polyclonal HIV-1 infected Jurkat cell populations.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Dynamics of natural and pharmacologic control of an SIV variant with an envelope trafficking defect.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Comparison of manual and automated ultrasensitive assays for residual HIV-1 in plasma from individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- Superinfection promotes replication and diversification of defective HIV-1 proviruses in people with non-suppressible viraemia.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Factors associated with resistance of HIV-1 reservoir viruses to neutralization by autologous IgG antibodies.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Proviruses in CD4Science translational medicine · 2025Article
- Applications and limitations of the passenger hypothesis for HIV reservoir persistence and cure.Journal of virology · 2025Review
235 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy can reduce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viremia to below the detection limit of ultrasensitive clinical assays (50 copies of HIV-1 RNA/ml). However, latent HIV-1 persists in resting CD4+ T cells, and low residual levels of free virus are found in the plasma. Limited characterization of this residual viremia has been done because of the low number of virions per sample. Using intensive sampling, we analyzed residual viremia and compared these viruses to latent proviruses in resting CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood. For each patient, we found some viruses in the plasma that were identical to viruses in resting CD4+ T cells by pol gene sequencing. However, in a majority of patients, the most common viruses in the plasma were rarely found in resting CD4+ T cells even when the resting cell compartment was analyzed with assays that detect replication-competent viruses. Despite the large diversity of pol sequences in resting CD4+ T cells, the residual viremia was dominated by a homogeneous population of viruses with identical pol sequences. In the most extensively studied case, a predominant plasma sequence was also found in analysis of the env gene, and linkage by long-distance reverse transcriptase PCR established that these predominant plasma sequences represented a single predominant plasma virus clone. The predominant plasma clones were released for months to years without evident sequence change. Thus, in some patients on antiretroviral therapy, the major mechanism for residual viremia involves prolonged production of a small number of viral clones without evident evolution, possibly by cells other than circulating CD4+ T cells. The sequences have been deposited in GenBank. The accession numbers are DQ 391282 to DQ 391351 (for env) and DQ 391352 to DQ 392955 (for RT).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.