ArticleTobacco control2006
Socioeconomic variations in nicotine dependence, self-efficacy, and intention to quit across four countries: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey.
Article in Tobacco control, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03194958 (Helping the Poor Quit Smoking), which is not on this map. Cited by 155 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Helping the Poor Quit Smoking: Specialized Quitlines and Meeting Basic Needs
Who cites it
155 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 324 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differences in the effectiveness of individual-level smoking cessation interventions by socioeconomic status.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Smoking Cessation among Low-Socioeconomic Status and Disadvantaged Population Groups: A Systematic Review of Research Output.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2015Pooled it
- Trial
- Smoking Cessation Programs Are Less Effective in Smokers with Low Socioeconomic Status Even When Financial Incentives for Quitting Smoking Are Offered-A Community-Randomized Smoking Cessation Trial in Denmark.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Menthol Smoking and Nicotine Dependence among Black/African American Women Smokers Living in Low-Resource, Rural Communities.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- A Proactive Smoking Cessation Intervention for Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Smokers: The Role of Smoking-Related Stigma.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2018Trial
- Improving tobacco dependence treatment outcomes for smokers of lower socioeconomic status: A randomized clinical trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2017Trial
- Smoking and finances: baseline characteristics of low income daily smokers in the FISCALS cohort.International journal for equity in health · 2017Trial
- Motivating Low Socioeconomic Status Smokers to Accept Evidence-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment: A Brief Intervention for the Community Agency Setting.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2015Trial
- Characteristics of smoking used cigarettes among an incarcerated population.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2015Trial
- Novel incentives and messaging in an online college smoking intervention.American journal of health behavior · 2014Trial
- Effectiveness of a telephone delivered and a face-to-face delivered counseling intervention for smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: a 6-month follow-up.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2014Trial
- Association between positivity and smoking cessation.BioMed research international · 2014Trial
- Clinical trial recruitment of adult African American smokers from economically disadvantaged urban communities.Journal of ethnicity in substance abuseTrial
- Crossed Pathways: Tobacco-Cannabis Co-Use and Motivation to Quit in Young Adults in France.Drug and alcohol review · 2026Article
- Nicotine Dependence and Quit Self-Confidence in a Smoking Cessation Program Using a Group-Based Digital Peer-Supported App and Cigarette Consumption-Adjusted Nicotine Aids Among Japanese Workers: Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Impact of four tobacco tax policies on tobacco product purchasing patterns across socioeconomic groups.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Nicotine Dependence and Its Impact on Poly-Tobacco Use Among US Adults.Substance use & misuse · 2026Article
- The association between night shift work and elevated risk of smoking use among ride-hailing drivers: findings from a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- European Code Against Cancer, 5th edition - tobacco and nicotine containing products, second-hand smoke, alcohol and cancer.Molecular oncology · 2026Review
95 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on nicotine dependence, self-efficacy, and intention to quit. DESIGN SETTING AND
participantsData were from the first wave (2002) of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey (ITC-4), a panel study of over 2000 adult smokers from each of four countries: the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Data were collected via telephone interviews.
main outcome measuresNicotine dependence, intention to quit, and self-efficacy to quit smoking were the main outcome measures used in this study.
resultsLower levels of education were associated with higher nicotine dependence. The effect of lower income on higher heaviness of smoking index (HIS) scores was significant in Canada, the UK, and Australia. Respondents with low education had 35% larger odds of low self-efficacy than those with high education. Respondents with low education had 40% larger odds of having no intention to quit than those with high education. Respondents with low income had 23% larger odds of having no intention to quit than those with high income. Country was not a moderator of the association of SES with self-efficacy and intention to quit.
conclusionTo the extent that lower SES smokers are more addicted, they are likely to need more intensive support if they are to be successful in their attempts to quit. Given their lower incomes, this places a special responsibility on government to provide or subsidise such services. This should include access to the widest possible range of effective pharmacotherapies complemented with evidence based counselling and support.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.