ArticleTobacco control2006
Socioeconomic and country variations in knowledge of health risks of tobacco smoking and toxic constituents of smoke: results from the 2002 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey.
Article in Tobacco control, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 127 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
127 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 238 citations in OpenAlex.
- How people think about the chemicals in cigarette smoke: a systematic review.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2017Pooled it
- Awareness and Perceptions on Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packs among Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Study.BioMed research international · 2020Trial
- Improving tobacco dependence treatment outcomes for smokers of lower socioeconomic status: A randomized clinical trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Changing low income smokers' beliefs about tobacco dependence treatment.Substance use & misuse · 2014Trial
- Internet-based photoaging within Australian pharmacies to promote smoking cessation: randomized controlled trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2013Trial
- Trial
- Article
- Variances in Smoking Expectancies Predict Moment-to-Moment Smoking Behaviors in Everyday Life.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Article
- Smokeless, not harmless: Understanding Naswar's cardiovascular risks in the northwestern Pakistan.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- Smoking knowledge and decision in an era of widespread awareness: Persistent disparities and policy implications.PloS one · 2025Article
- Substance Use and Mental Health in Emerging Adult University Students Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico: A Comparative Study.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Modeling the population health impact of accurate and inaccurate perceptions of harm from nicotine.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Believability of messaging concerning a hypothetical product standard to lower a constituent in cigarettes or smokeless tobacco among U.S. Adults who use tobacco.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Do Social Norms for Cigarette Smoking and Nicotine Vaping Product Use Predict Trying Nicotine Vaping Products and Attempts to Quit Cigarette Smoking Amongst Adult Smokers? Findings From the 2016-2020 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Educational attainment as a modifier for the effect of polygenic scores for cardiovascular risk factors: cross-sectional and prospective analysis of UK Biobank.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Prevalence of and factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia: a national cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Adolescents' Perceptions of Harmfulness of Tobacco and Tobacco-like Products in Finland.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Article
67 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSocioeconomic status is strongly associated with smoking prevalence and social class differences contribute substantially to social inequalities in mortality. This research investigated socioeconomic and country variations in smokers' knowledge that smoking causes heart disease, stroke, impotence and lung cancer, that smoke contains cyanide, mercury, arsenic and carbon monoxide, and whether nicotine causes most of the cancer.
methodsData were from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey, a cohort survey of over 9000 adult smokers from four countries: the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Data were collected via telephone interviews in 2002.
resultsHigher education and income were associated with higher awareness. For example, the odds of knowing that smoking causes heart disease, stroke and lung cancer were respectively 71%, 34% and 83% larger for respondents with high versus low income. The odds of knowing that smoke contains cyanide, mercury, arsenic and carbon monoxide were respectively 66%, 26%, 44% and 108% larger for respondents with a university degree than those with a high school diploma or lower level of education. Results also revealed that awareness of harms of smoking was generally the highest in Canada and the lowest in the UK.
conclusionsLower socioeconomic status was associated with lower awareness of the harms of smoking and misunderstanding around nicotine. There is a need to improve knowledge of the dangers of smoking among the disadvantaged segments of the population.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.