ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2006
Evaluation of two methods of determining the efficacies of two alcohol-based hand rubs for surgical hand antisepsis.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Electronic Monitoring Systems for Hand Hygiene: Systematic Review of Technology.Journal of medical Internet research · 2021Pooled it
- A Randomized Controlled Trial of Animal-assisted Activities for Pediatric Oncology Patients: Psychosocial and Microbial Outcomes.Journal of pediatric health care : official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & PractitionersTrial
- Development and Implementation of an Ultraviolet-Dye-Based Qualification Procedure for Hand Washing and Disinfection to Improve Quality Assurance of Pharmacy Preparations and Compounding, Especially in Cleanrooms: A Pilot Study.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Wearing Occlusive Gloves Increases the Density of Staphylococcus aureus in Patients with Hand Eczema.Acta dermato-venereologica · 2021Article
- Development of amoxicillin resistance in Escherichia coli after exposure to remnants of a non-related phagemid-containing E. coli: an exploratory study.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2020Article
- Article
- Chlorhexidine is not an essential component in alcohol-based surgical hand preparation: a comparative study of two handrubs based on a modified EN 12791 test protocol.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2017Article
- Carriage of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria on Frequently Contacted Surfaces and Hands of Health Care Workers.Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR · 2016Article
- A quantitative assessment method for Ascaris eggs on hands.PloS one · 2014Article
- A 1-minute hand wash does not impair the efficacy of a propanol-based hand rub in two consecutive surgical hand disinfection procedures.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2009Article
- Pitfalls in efficacy testing--how important is the validation of neutralization of chlorhexidine digluconate?Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2008Article
- Quantity of ethanol absorption after excessive hand disinfection using three commercially available hand rubs is minimal and below toxic levels for humans.BMC infectious diseases · 2007Article
- Efficacy of two ethanol-based skin antiseptics on the forehead at shorter application times.BMC microbiology · 2007Article
- Appropriate surgical hand antisepsis.Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England · 2007Article
- Does a preceding hand wash and drying time after surgical hand disinfection influence the efficacy of a propanol-based hand rub?BMC microbiology · 2006Article
- Effectiveness of three surgical alcohol-based hand rubs on skin flora.Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery researchArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The antimicrobial efficacies of preparations for surgical hand antisepsis can be determined according to a European standard (prEN 12791 [EN]) and a U.S. standard (tentative final monograph for health care antiseptic drug products [TFM]). The U.S. method differs in the product application mode (hands and lower forearms, versus hands only in EN), the number of applications (11 over 5 days, versus a single application in EN), the sampling times (0, 3, and 6 h after application, versus 0 and 3 h in EN), the sampling methods (glove juice versus fingertip sampling in EN), and the outcome requirements (absolute bacterial reduction factor [RF], versus noninferiority to reference treatment in EN). We have studied the efficacies of two hand rubs according to both methods. One hand rub was based on 80% ethanol and applied for 2 min, and the other one was based on 45% propan-2-ol, 30% propan-1-ol, and 0.2% mecetronium etilsulfate and applied for 1.5 min. The ethanol-based hand rub was equally effective as the 3-min reference disinfection of prEN 12791 in both the immediate (RFs, 2.97 +/- 0.89 versus 2.92 +/- 1.03, respectively) and sustained (RFs, 2.20 +/- 1.07 versus 2.47 +/- 1.25, respectively) effects. According to TFM, the immediate effects were 2.99 log10 (day 1), 3.00 log10 (day 2), and 3.43 log10 (day 5), and bacterial counts were still below baseline after 6 h. The propanol-based hand rub was even more effective than the reference disinfection of prEN 12791 in both the immediate (RFs, 2.35 +/- 0.99 versus 1.86 +/- 0.87, respectively) and sustained (RFs, 2.17 +/- 1.00 versus 1.50 +/- 1.26, respectively) effects. According to TFM, the immediate effects were 2.82 log10 (day 1), 3.29 log10 (day 2), and 3.25 log10 (day 5), and bacterial counts were still below baseline after 6 h. Some formulations have been reported to meet the efficacy requirements of one of the methods but not those of the other. That is why we conclude that, despite our results, meeting the efficacy requirements of one test method does not allow the claim that the requirements of the other test method are also met.
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Registered trials
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