ArticleEmerging infectious diseases2006
Social behavior and meningococcal carriage in British teenagers.
Article in Emerging infectious diseases, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic review of invasive meningococcal disease epidemiology in the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa region.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Risk factors for meningococcal disease in children and adolescents: a systematic review and META-analysis.European journal of pediatrics · 2020Pooled it
- Association of secondhand smoke exposure with pediatric invasive bacterial disease and bacterial carriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2010Pooled it
- Carriage prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis in the Americas in the 21st century: a systematic review.The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious DiseasesPooled it
- Social and behavioral predictors of two-doses 4CMenB vaccine series among adolescents enrolled in a cluster randomized controlled trial in Australia.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Antibody persistence up to 5 y after vaccination with a quadrivalent meningococcal ACWY-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in adolescents.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2017Trial
- Long-term immunogenicity and safety after a single dose of the quadrivalent meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, and Y tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in adolescents and adults: 5-year follow-up of an open, randomized trial.BMC infectious diseases · 2015Trial
- Household crowding, social mixing patterns and respiratory symptoms in seven countries of the African meningitis belt.PloS one · 2014Trial
- Burden of Invasive Meningococcal Disease: Evolving Epidemiology and Implications for Prevention Policy.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Review
- Meningococcal Outbreaks in Tertiary Education Settings in the United Kingdom: Lessons from the 2026 Kent Cluster for Surveillance, Vaccination Policy, and Institutional Preparedness in Sub-Saharan Africa-A Narrative Review.Infectious disease reports · 2026Review
- "Why should I pay for this vaccine?" - Norwegian adolescents views on meningococcal vaccination.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Meningococcal carriage and transmission dynamics in college students in Louisville, Kentucky.PloS one · 2026Article
- Meningococcal carriage in adolescents and young adults in Kuwait.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Long-Term Impacts of Invasive Meningococcal Disease on Survivors and Their Caregivers in the United States and Canada.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Review
- Epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease, Japan, 2013 to 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2024Article
- Molecular characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis carriage strains in university students in Lithuania.BMC microbiology · 2023Article
- Prevalence and persistence ofEpidemiology and infection · 2023Article
- Multimodal surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at a university enables development of a robust outbreak response framework.Med (New York, N.Y.) · 2022Article
- Prevalence and Characteristics of Carriage ofOpen forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Understanding predisposing factors for meningococcal carriage may identify targets for public health interventions. Before mass vaccination with meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine began in autumn 1999, we took pharyngeal swabs from approximately 14,000 UK teenagers and collected information on potential risk factors. Neisseria meningitidis was cultured from 2,319 (16.7%) of 13,919 swabs. In multivariable analysis, attendance at pubs/clubs, intimate kissing, and cigarette smoking were each independently and strongly associated with increased risk for meningococcal carriage (p<0.001). Carriage in those with none of these risk factors was 7.8%, compared to 32.8% in those with all 3. Passive smoking was also linked to higher risk for carriage, but age, sex, social deprivation, home crowding, or school characteristics had little or no effect. Social behavior, rather than age or sex, can explain the higher frequency of meningococcal carriage among teenagers. A ban on smoking in public places may reduce risk for transmission.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.