ArticleEpidemiology and infection2006
Risk factors for encephalitis and death from West Nile virus infection.
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 191 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for severe dengue fever and West Nile fever: A meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Neuroinvasive West Nile virus infections after solid organ transplantation: Single center experience and systematic review.Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence of chronic comorbidities in dengue fever and West Nile virus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2018Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of all immune epitope data in the Flavivirus genus: inventory of current immune epitope data status in the context of virus immunity and immunopathology.Viral immunology · 2010Pooled it
- Infectious Diseases Among People Experiencing Homelessness: A Systematic Review of the Literature in the United States and Canada, 2003-2022.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)Pooled it
- The polyfunctionality of human memory CD8+ T cells elicited by acute and chronic virus infections is not influenced by age.PLoS pathogens · 2012Trial
- West Nile Virus in People with HIV: Immune Vulnerability, Neuroinvasive Disease, and Diagnostic Challenges.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Review
- Clinical Spectrum and Exploratory Mortality Markers in Hospitalized Patients with Different Clinical Presentations of West Nile Virus Infection: A Multicenter Cohort from Southern Italy.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Observational
- Article
- Allosteric Regulation of RNA Affinity by Motif V-VI Coupling in West Nile Virus NS3 Helicase.Proteins · 2026Article
- Human antibodies against West Nile and related orthoflaviviruses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The Impact of Corticosteroid Therapy on Patients With West Nile Virus: A Retrospective Cohort Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Mosquito-borne disease among individuals experiencing homelessness in the USA: a literature review.Journal of pest science · 2026Review
- West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease and cardiac involvement in critically ill patients in central Italy: a case series.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Utility of blood biomarkers in inpatients with West Nile virus infection: an exploratory study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Sequelae of viral CNS infections including outcomes, mechanisms, and knowledge gaps.Npj viruses · 2025Review
- Atypical Unilateral Multifocal Choroiditis and Retinal Vasculitis Following Presumed West Nile Virus Infection.Ocular immunology and inflammation · 2025Article
- West Nile Virus Outbreak in Israel 2024 Compared with Previous Seasons: A Retrospective Study.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Article
- A case report of long-latency evoked diaphragm potentials after exposure to acute intermittent hypoxia in post-West Nile virus meningoencephalitis.Journal of neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infections in the Trakya Region of Türkiye.Balkan medical journal · 2024Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We conducted a nested case-control study to determine potential risk factors for developing encephalitis from West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Retrospective medical chart reviews were completed for 172 confirmed WNV cases hospitalized in Houston between 2002 and 2004. Of these cases, 113 had encephalitis, including 17 deaths, 47 had meningitis, and 12 were fever cases; 67% were male. Homeless patients were more likely to be hospitalized from WNV compared to the general population. A multiple logistic regression model identified age [odds ratio (OR) 1.1, P<0.001], history of hypertension, including those cases taking hypertension-inducing drugs (OR 2.9, P=0.012), and history of cardiovascular disease (OR 3.5, P=0.061) as independent risk factors for developing encephalitis from WNV infection. After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity (being black) (OR 12.0, P<0.001), chronic renal disease (OR 10.6, P<0.001), hepatitis C virus (OR 23.1, P=0.0013), and immunosuppression (OR 3.9, P=0.033) were identified as risk factors for death from WNV infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.