ArticleInfection and immunity2006
The 6-kilodalton early secreted antigenic target-responsive, asymptomatic contacts of tuberculosis patients express elevated levels of interleukin-4 and reduced levels of gamma interferon.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Insights into Autophagy in Microbiome Therapeutic Approaches for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis.Cells · 2025Review
- Investigation of miRNA and cytokine expressions in latent tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis.Turkish journal of medical sciences · 2022Article
- Effect of Helicobacter pylori and Helminth Coinfection on the Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Current microbiology · 2021Review
- Identification of compounds that decrease numbers ofJournal of leukocyte biology · 2017Article
- Association of ESAT-6/CFP-10-induced IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 with clinical tuberculosis: evidence from cohorts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients, household contacts and community controls in an endemic setting.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2017Article
- Combined Expression of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-4 mRNA by Recall PBMCs Moderately Discriminates Active Tuberculosis from Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Patients with Miscellaneous Inflammatory Underlying Conditions.Frontiers in immunology · 2016Article
- The immune response to tuberculosis infection in the setting of Helicobacter pylori and helminth infections.Epidemiology and infection · 2013Article
- Therapeutic immunization against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an effective adjunct to antibiotic treatment.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2013Article
- Role of TNF-Alpha, IFN-Gamma, and IL-10 in the Development of Pulmonary Tuberculosis.Pulmonary medicine · 2012Article
- Modulation of cell death by M. tuberculosis as a strategy for pathogen survival.Clinical & developmental immunology · 2011Article
- Performance of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFTGIT) for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in Afar Pastoralists, Ethiopia.BMC infectious diseases · 2010Article
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- Detection of natural infection with Mycobacterium intracellulare in healthy wild-caught Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) by ESAT-6 and CFP-10 IFN-gamma ELISPOT tests following a tuberculosis outbreak.BMC microbiology · 2008Article
- Ex vivo cytokine mRNA levels correlate with changing clinical status of ethiopian TB patients and their contacts over time.PloS one · 2008Article
- Longitudinal tracking of cytokines after acute exposure to tuberculosis: association of distinct cytokine patterns with protection and disease development.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2007Article
- Is interleukin-4delta3 splice variant expression in bovine tuberculosis a marker of protective immunity?Infection and immunity · 2007Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
It is well known that the majority of healthy individuals exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis do not become clinically ill. We have previously shown that in recently exposed healthy contacts of tuberculosis (TB) patients, a strong immune response to the M. tuberculosis 6-kDa early secreted antigenic target (ESAT-6) virulence factor correlated with a higher risk of subsequent disease, although the mechanism was unclear at that time. Inspired by recent reports that elevated expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) in health care workers exposed to M. tuberculosis also correlated with a higher risk of their subsequently developing disease, we examined expression of IL-4, its competitive antagonist IL-4delta2, and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in healthy household contacts of TB patients from Ethiopia. We then compared cytokine expression to their recognition of ESAT-6 (which is largely restricted to members of the tuberculosis complex and which serves as a reliable marker of infection) or to Ag85A (an antigen that is conserved among the mycobacteria and serves as a nonspecific control). Our study shows that in these recently exposed individuals, there is a correlation between a strong response to ESAT-6 and elevated expression of IL-4. Further, elevated expression of IL-4 is associated with lower expression of its antagonistic splice variant IL-4delta2 and with the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma, suggesting that in these at-risk individuals, immunity is skewed away from a protective Th1 response, even before the development of clinical symptoms.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.