ReviewClinical microbiology reviews2006
Laboratory diagnostics of botulism.
Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 148 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
148 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 467 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2018 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Society for Microbiology.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Guideline
- A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2013 recommendations by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)(a).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2013Guideline
- Botulism Type F, a Rare Type of Botulism that Can Masquerade as a Posterior Fossa Stroke.Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology · 2026Article
- The mouse diaphragm assay in botulinum toxin therapy.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Epidemiology of Foodborne Botulism Outbreaks in Romania, 2007-2024.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Laboratory Diagnostics of Botulism Cases in Livestock in Poland in 2022-2024.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Machine learning-based typing ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Equine botulism.Equine veterinary journal · 2026Review
- Multifocal costal osseous pneumatosis and osteomyelitis secondary toThe Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne · 2026Article
- Enteric botulinum neurotoxins facilitate infection byScience advances · 2026Article
- Detection and characterization ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Development and Humanization of a Camelid-Derived Neutralizing Nanobody Targeting Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Overview of botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia in soils in France.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Combined treatment with antitoxin and 3,4-diaminopyridine improves survival outcomes after lethal botulinum neurotoxin challenge.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- A neonatal mouse model of meconium peritonitis generated using human meconium slurry.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Wearable Temperature Sensor Enhanced Volatilomics Technique for Swift and Convenient Detection of Latrogenic Botulism.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Antibody-based alternatives to animal testing for toxin detection and antitoxin evaluation.Frontiers in toxicology · 2025Review
- Article
- Diagnosis of botulism in mammals aided by toxin ELISA and C and D gene RT-PCRs with an emphasis on farm animals.Veterinary research communications · 2024Article
88 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulism is a potentially lethal paralytic disease caused by botulinum neurotoxin. Human pathogenic neurotoxins of types A, B, E, and F are produced by a diverse group of anaerobic spore-forming bacteria, including Clostridium botulinum groups I and II, Clostridium butyricum, and Clostridium baratii. The routine laboratory diagnostics of botulism is based on the detection of botulinum neurotoxin in the patient. Detection of toxin-producing clostridia in the patient and/or the vehicle confirms the diagnosis. The neurotoxin detection is based on the mouse lethality assay. Sensitive and rapid in vitro assays have been developed, but they have not yet been appropriately validated on clinical and food matrices. Culture methods for C. botulinum are poorly developed, and efficient isolation and identification tools are lacking. Molecular techniques targeted to the neurotoxin genes are ideal for the detection and identification of C. botulinum, but they do not detect biologically active neurotoxin and should not be used alone. Apart from rapid diagnosis, the laboratory diagnostics of botulism should aim at increasing our understanding of the epidemiology and prevention of the disease. Therefore, the toxin-producing organisms should be routinely isolated from the patient and the vehicle. The physiological group and genetic traits of the isolates should be determined.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.