ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2006
Growth hormone is produced within the hippocampus where it responds to age, sex, and stress.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Growth hormone-releasing hormone effects on brain γ-aminobutyric acid levels in mild cognitive impairment and healthy aging.JAMA neurology · 2013Trial
- A role for central nervous growth hormone-releasing hormone signaling in the consolidation of declarative memories.PloS one · 2011Trial
- Impact of conflict-induced stress on dental and skeletal development in children and adolescents.The Angle orthodontist · 2026Article
- Stress-Induced Activation of Prolactin-NR4A1-Midkine Axis Exacerbates Skin Inflammation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Growth hormone is required for hippocampal engram cell maturation.Science advances · 2025Article
- Impact of conflict-induced stress on the length of craniofacial growth.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Stress regulatory hormones and cancer: the contribution of epinephrine and cancer therapeutic value of beta blockers.Endocrine · 2025Review
- The effect of growth hormone on motor findings and dendrite morphology in an experimental Parkinson's disease model.Anatomical science international · 2025Article
- Morphological changes and lateralization of the thalamic nuclei in children with growth hormone deficiency.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- The metabolic effects of resumption of a high fat diet after weight loss are sex dependent in mice.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Non-pituitary GH regulation of the tissue microenvironment.Endocrine-related cancer · 2023Article
- The multiple roles of GH in neural ageing and injury.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Aberrant glial activation and synaptic defects in CaMKIIα-iCre and nestin-Cre transgenic mouse models.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Protein music of enhanced musicality by music style guided exploration of diverse amino acid properties.Heliyon · 2021Article
- Neuroprotective Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Type 1 (IGF-1) after Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in Chicken Cerebellar Cell Cultures.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Hippocampal growth hormone modulates relational memory and the dendritic spine density in CA1.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2020Article
- The enigmatic role of growth hormone in age-related diseases, cognition, and longevity.GeroScience · 2019Review
- Treatment with Growth Hormone (GH) Increased the Metabolic Activity of the Brain in an Elder Patient, Not GH-Deficient, Who Suffered Mild Cognitive Alterations and Had an ApoE 4/3 Genotype.International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Article
- Impact of varying social experiences during life history on behaviour, gene expression, and vasopressin receptor gene methylation in mice.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Spatiotemporal Regulation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Its Receptor in the Brain: Is There a Role for Growth Hormone?Endocrinology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Recent studies by our group and others have demonstrated that growth hormone (GH) is produced endogenously within the hippocampal formation, a brain structure associated with learning and aspects of emotional experience. Here, we demonstrate that this endogenously produced GH is modulated by age and sex differences and the presence of estrogen. GH mRNA levels were higher in females than males, especially during proestrus, a stage of estrus when estrogen levels are elevated. Moreover, GH expression was increased in ovariectomized females that were treated with estradiol. This increase in GH mRNA in response to estrogen was followed by the appearance of GH protein and was negatively correlated with the expression levels of insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA, suggesting a feedback relationship between insulin-like growth factor-I and GH in the brain. GH mRNA levels were also elevated in primary neuronal cultures exposed to 17-beta-estradiol in vitro, further confirming the direct influence of estrogen on GH expression. Finally, exposure to an acute stressful event increased the expression and production of GH in both males and females. However, the stress-induced increase of GH in females depended on the stage of the estrous cycle in which they were exposed to the stressful event. Together, these data further demonstrate that GH is endogenously produced in the adult hippocampal formation, where it is regulated by age, estrogen, and exposure to environmental stimuli. These results suggest that GH may be involved in functions ascribed to the hippocampus, such as learning and the response to stressful experience.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.