SynthesisRespiratory research2006
Female smokers beyond the perimenopausal period are at increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Respiratory research, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 231 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-Specific Risk of Smoking for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Exploration of Potential Mechanism: Meta-Analysis and Prospective Cohort Study.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2025Pooled it
- Identifying risk factors for COPD and adult-onset asthma: an umbrella review.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2023Pooled it
- Evidence-based core information for health communication of tobacco control: The effect of smoking on risks of female disease.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Gender-specific estimates of COPD prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2018Pooled it
- Effect of nicotinamide riboside on airway inflammation in COPD: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Nature aging · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Female smokers' perspectives on tobacco use and smoking cessation: a qualitative study guided by health belief model.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Plasma Metabolomic Signatures in COPD Reveal Creatine, Purine/Urate, and Bile-Acid Axes.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Sex and Gender in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Does It Matter?Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Sex and the Developmental Environment Shape Molecular Networks Underlying Bronchial Responsiveness in Mice.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- The importance of mechanical forces in chronic respiratory diseases.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- An Examination of Sex Differences and Cigarette Smoking as Predictors of COPD Prevalence and Incidence in Older US Adults.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Association between preserved ratio impaired spirometry and frailty risk among US adults: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Gender, tobacco and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: analysis of the 2020 National Health Interview Survey.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Article
- Extensions of Heterogeneity in Integration and Prediction (HIP) With R Shiny Application.Statistics in medicine · 2025Article
- Phenotyping patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure.ESC heart failure · 2025Article
- Exploring the role of sex in asthma and COPD pharmacological treatment.Current research in pharmacology and drug discovery · 2025Review
- Sex disparity in the burden of NCDs and its four main subgroups in Iran 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2024Article
- Association between serum albumin and pulmonary function in adolescents: analyses of NHANES 2007-2012.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2024Article
- Evaluating the role of sex-related structure-function differences on airway aerosol transport and deposition.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2024Article
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRecent reports indicate that over the next decade rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in women will exceed those in men in the western world, though in most jurisdictions, women continue to smoke less compared with men. Whether female adult smokers are biologically more susceptible to COPD is unknown. This study reviewed the available evidence to determine whether female adult smokers have a faster decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) compared with male adult smokers and whether age modifies the relationship between cigarette smoke and lung function decline.
methodsA systematic review and a meta-analysis was performed of population-based cohort studies that had a follow-up period of at least 3 years, measured FEV1 on at least two different time points, and presented FEV1 data stratified by gender and smoking status in adults.
resultsOf the 646 potentially relevant articles, 11 studies met these criteria and were included in the analyses (N = 55,709 participants). There was heterogeneity in gender-related results across the studies. However, on average current smokers had a faster annual decline rate in FEV1% predicted compared with never and former smokers. Female current smokers had with increasing age a significantly faster annual decline in FEV1% predicted than male current smokers (linear regression analysis, R2 = 0.56; p = 0.008). Age did not materially affect the rate of decline in FEV1% predicted in male and female former and never smokers (p = 0.775 and p = 0.326, respectively).
conclusionAs female smokers age, they appear to experience an accelerated decline in FEV1% predicted compared with male smokers. Future research powered specifically on gender-related changes in lung function is needed to confirm these early findings.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.