ArticleAmerican journal of public health2006
Retail tobacco outlet density and youth cigarette smoking: a propensity-modeling approach.
Article in American journal of public health, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Neighbourhood inequities in the availability of retailers selling tobacco products: a systematic review.Tobacco control · 2025Pooled it
- The Association Between Tobacco Outlet Density and Smoking Among Young People: A Systematic Methodological Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Pooled it
- Association between density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets with smoking: A systematic review of youth studies.Health & place · 2021Pooled it
- Tobacco outlet density and adolescents' cigarette smoking: a meta-analysis.Tobacco control · 2019Pooled it
- Population approaches to improve diet, physical activity, and smoking habits: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2012Guideline
- When, How, & Where Tobacco Initiation and Relapse Occur During U.S. Air Force Technical Training.Military medicine · 2020Trial
- The Dynamic Role of Urban Neighborhood Effects in a Text-Messaging Adolescent Smoking Intervention.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2016Trial
- Modelling how age-restricted location policies would impact tobacco retailer density in four US states: California, Connecticut, North Carolina and Ohio.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Density of tobacco retail outlets around school in Lao People's Democratic Republic 2024: a geospatial analysis.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2026Article
- Associations Among Experiences With Racial Discrimination, Religion/Spirituality, and Cigarette Smoking Among African American Adults: The Jackson Heart Study.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2025Article
- Exploring Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Substance Dependence and Serious Psychological Distress among US Veterans.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Flavored Tobacco Sales Restrictions and Youth E-cigarette Behavior: Impact by Tobacco Retailer Density in Diverse Communities in California.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- The Association Between the License Fee Increase and the Density of Tobacco Retailers in California-A Segmented Interrupted Time-Series Analysis by Income and Race/Ethnicity.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Addressing Intergenerational Inequity in Tobacco-Harm: What Helps Children of Smokers to Remain Nonsmokers?Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Tobacco retailers around schools in 10 cities across China.Tobacco control · 2023Article
- A statewide study of disparities in local policies and tobacco, vape, and cannabis retail environments.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Cannabis retailer marketing strategies and regulatory compliance: A surveillance study of retailers in 5 US cities.Addictive behaviors · 2023Article
- Review of Major Social Determinants of Health in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Psychotic Disorders: III. Biology.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- Using systems science to advance health equity in tobacco control: a causal loop diagram of smoking.Tobacco control · 2023Review
- Tobacco retail availability and cigarette and e-cigarette use among youth and adults: a scoping review.Tobacco control · 2022Article
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesWe examined whether retail tobacco outlet density was related to youth cigarette smoking after control for a diverse range of neighborhood characteristics.
methodsData were gathered from 2116 respondents (aged 11 to 23 years) residing in 178 census tracts in Chicago, Ill. Propensity score stratification methods for continuous exposures were used to adjust for potentially confounding neighborhood characteristics, thus strengthening causal inferences.
resultsRetail tobacco outlets were disproportionately located in neighborhoods characterized by social and economic disadvantage. In a model that excluded neighborhood confounders, a marginally significant effect was found. Youths in areas at the highest 75th percentile in retail tobacco outlet density were 13% more likely (odds ratio [OR]=1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.99, 1.28) to have smoked in the past month compared with those living at the lowest 25th percentile. However, the relation became stronger and significant (OR=0.21; 95% CI=1.04, 1.41) after introduction of tract-level confounders and was statistically significant in the propensity score-adjusted model (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.001, 1.44). Results did not differ significantly between minors and those legally permitted to smoke.
conclusionsReductions in retail tobacco outlet density may reduce rates of youth smoking.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.