ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2006
Mucosal vaccines: the promise and the challenge.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 556 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
556 citing papers in PubMed.
- In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation of polyelectrolyte nanogels for mucosal vaccines.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Mucosal immunity: mechanism and application in cancer immunotherapy.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Mucosal IgA to pre-fusion F protein predicts protection from RSV infection in a high burden setting.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A yeast-based oral vaccine platform reveals antigen-dependent protection against Eimeria tenella.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Efficacy of intranasal adenovirus vector vaccine is attenuated by type I IFN-induced NK cell activation.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- Intranasal drug delivery: Unlocking the nose-to-brain route for central nervous system therapies.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Aerosol Inhalation of a Recombinant H7N9 Hemagglutinin Antigen Elicits Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses in Mice.Viruses · 2026Article
- Combating respiratory diseases with mucosal vaccines.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Article
- Mucosal Vaccine Development: From Adjuvant Design to Next-Generation Delivery Strategies.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant and lactating women: a comprehensive review.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Progress and challenge of hepatitis B virus mucosal vaccines.Virology journal · 2026Review
- Advanced Sensing and Delivery Technologies for Nose-to-Brain Administration: From Nanocarriers to Sensor-Integrated Organ-on-Chips.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Therapeutic vaccination with a live M. bovis-BoAHV-1 combined vaccine accelerates pathogen clearance and restores mammary homeostasis in dairy cows with natural Mycoplasma bovis subclinical mastitis.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Liposomal hydrogel-based oral vaccine delivery for targeted induction of intestinal mucosal immunity.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Liposomal simvastatin potentiates intranasal H1N1 influenza subunit vaccineActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- Review
- Intranasal booster drives class switching and homing of memory B cells for mucosal IgA response.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Floss-based vaccination targets the gingival sulcus for mucosal and systemic immunization.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Anti-Coxsackievirus B4 Activity of Serum and Saliva from Mice Exposed to the Virus via the Mucosal Route.Microorganisms · 2026Article
496 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Most infectious agents enter the body at mucosal surfaces and therefore mucosal immune responses function as a first line of defence. Protective mucosal immune responses are most effectively induced by mucosal immunization through oral, nasal, rectal or vaginal routes, but the vast majority of vaccines in use today are administered by injection. As discussed in this Review, current research is providing new insights into the function of mucosal tissues and the interplay of innate and adaptive immune responses that results in immune protection at mucosal surfaces. These advances promise to accelerate the development and testing of new mucosal vaccines against many human diseases including HIV/AIDS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
16491139What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.