SynthesisBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2006
Factors predisposing women to chronic pelvic pain: systematic review.
Synthesis in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 140 papers, 12 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Controlled-Dose Study Using Cannabinoid Combinations in a Rapidly Dissolvable Sublingual Tablet for the Treatment of Dysmenorrhea and Associated Pain Symptoms
A Novel Approach to Endometriosis Treatment: Piloting an Interdisciplinary Group Care Model
Who cites it
140 citing papers in PubMed, 12 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 572 citations in OpenAlex.
- Social Determinants of Health and Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review.The journal of pain · 2024Pooled it
- The efficacy of botulinum toxin a injections in pelvic floor muscles in chronic pelvic pain patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International urogynecology journal · 2022Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of therapeutic taping in primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Sacral neuromodulation treating chronic pelvic pain: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature.International urogynecology journal · 2019Pooled it
- The effectiveness of self-care and lifestyle interventions in primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC complementary and alternative medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- WITHDRAWN: Exercise for dysmenorrhoea.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Dysmenorrhoea.BMJ clinical evidence · 2014Pooled it
- Botulinum neurotoxin type A injection of the pelvic floor muscle in pain due to spasticity: a review of the current literature.International urogynecology journal · 2013Pooled it
- Dysmenorrhoea.BMJ clinical evidence · 2011Pooled it
- WHO systematic review of prevalence of chronic pelvic pain: a neglected reproductive health morbidity.BMC public health · 2006Pooled it
- The role of catastrophizing in chronic cyclical pelvic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Women's health (London, England)Pooled it
- The Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Pelvic Floor Muscles in Chronic Pelvic Pain Patients: A Double-Blinded Randomised Controlled Trial.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Trial
- Pelvic floor rehabilitation in the treatment of women with dyspareunia: a randomized controlled clinical trial.International urogynecology journal · 2019Trial
- The Effects of a Life Stress Emotional Awareness and Expression Interview for Women with Chronic Urogenital Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Somatic Symptoms Before Menarche: The Role of Parents and Pain Sensitivity.The Journal of early adolescence · 2026Article
- Pelvic floor complaint-related psychological distress recorded by pelvic physical therapists in the Netherlands: Additional analysis of data from an exploratory file review study.Open research Europe · 2026Article
- Prevalence, severity and correlates of dysmenorrhea among postpartum women in Western Kenya: A cross-sectional study.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- The emergence of sex differences in primary pain during adolescence: a conceptual developmentally-oriented biopsychosocial model and opportunities for further investigation.BMC pediatrics · 2025Review
80 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate factors predisposing women to chronic and recurrent pelvic pain. DESIGN, DATA SOURCES, AND
methodsSystematic review of relevant studies without language restrictions identified through Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library. SCISEARCH, conference papers, and bibliographies of retrieved primary and review articles. Two reviewers independently extracted data on study characteristics, quality, and results. Exposure to risk factors was compared between women with and without pelvic pain. Results were pooled within subgroups defined by type of pain and risk factors.
resultsThere were 122 studies (in 111 articles) of which 63 (in 64,286 women) evaluated 54 risk factors for dysmenorrhoea, 19 (in 18,601 women) evaluated 14 risk factors for dyspareunia, and 40 (in 12,040 women) evaluated 48 factors for non-cyclical pelvic pain. Age < 30 years, low body mass index, smoking, earlier menarche (< 12 years), longer cycles, heavy menstrual flow, nulliparity, premenstrual syndrome, sterilisation, clinically suspected pelvic inflammatory disease, sexual abuse, and psychological symptoms were associated with dysmenorrhoea. Younger age at first childbirth, exercise, and oral contraceptives were negatively associated with dysmenorrhoea. Menopause, pelvic inflammatory disease, sexual abuse, anxiety, and depression were associated with dyspareunia. Drug or alcohol abuse, miscarriage, heavy menstrual flow, pelvic inflammatory disease, previous caesarean section, pelvic pathology, abuse, and psychological comorbidity were associated with an increased risk of non-cyclical pelvic pain.
conclusionSeveral gynaecological and psychosocial factors are strongly associated with chronic pelvic pain. Randomised controlled trials of interventions targeting these potentially modifiable factors are needed to assess their clinical relevance in chronic pelvic pain.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.