ArticleChest2006
Effect of interactions between lower airway bacterial and rhinoviral infection in exacerbations of COPD.
Article in Chest, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 133 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
133 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 315 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomarkers to guide the use of antibiotics for acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD): a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Worldwide prevalence of viral infection in AECOPD patients: A meta-analysis.Microbial pathogenesis · 2017Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pulmonary biomarkers in COPD exacerbations: a systematic review.Respiratory research · 2013Pooled it
- Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease harbour a variation of Haemophilus species.Scientific reports · 2018Trial
- Factors associated with change in exacerbation frequency in COPD.Respiratory research · 2013Trial
- Quercetin in COPD: A Multi-Target Approach to Modulate Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Epithelial Dysfunction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Prognostic impact of lung diffusion capacity in patients with early-stage lung cancer achieving 5-year postoperative recurrence-free survival: propensity score matching analysis.General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery · 2026Article
- Hidden in plain sight: the impact of human rhinovirus infection in adults.Respiratory research · 2025Review
- Management of Asthma and COPD Exacerbations in Adults in the ICU.CHEST critical care · 2025Article
- The role of human rhinovirus in COPD exacerbations in Abu Dhabi: molecular epidemiology and clinical significance.The Libyan journal of medicine · 2024Article
- Human rhinovirus 16 induces an ICAM-1-PKR-ATF2 axis to modulate macrophage functions.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Interplay between Lung Diseases and Viral Infections: A Comprehensive Review.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Properties of N-Acetylcysteine: A Fresh Perspective.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- ARL5b inhibits human rhinovirus 16 propagation and impairs macrophage-mediated bacterial clearance.EMBO reports · 2024Article
- Microbiome-host interactions in the pathogenesis of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Sputum microbiome α-diversity is a key feature of the COPD frequent exacerbator phenotype.ERJ open research · 2024Article
- Advanced models for respiratory disease and drug studies.Medicinal research reviews · 2023Review
73 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
STUDY
objectivesThe inflammatory responses and associated clinical severity of COPD exacerbations are greatly variable, and the determinants of these factors are poorly understood. We examined the hypothesis that bacteria and viruses may modulate this heterogeneity and that interactions between bacterial and viral infection may affect changes in airway bacterial load and the clinical features and inflammatory responses of exacerbations in patients with COPD.
designProspective cohort study.
settingOutpatient Department, London Chest Hospital, London, UK. PATIENTS: Thirty-nine patients with COPD. MEASUREMENTS: We prospectively studied 56 COPD exacerbations, obtaining clinical data and paired sputum and serum samples at baseline and exacerbation. Qualitative and quantitative microbiology, polymerase chain reaction detection for rhinovirus, and estimation of cytokine levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed.
resultsA total of 69.6% of exacerbations were associated with a bacterial pathogen, most commonly Haemophilus influenzae. Rhinovirus was identified in 19.6% of exacerbations. The rise in bacterial load at exacerbation correlated with the rise in sputum interleukin (IL)-8 (r = 0.37, p = 0.022) and fall in FEV1 (r = 0.35, p = 0.048). Exacerbations with both rhinovirus and H. influenzae had higher bacterial loads (10(8.56) cfu/mL vs 10(8.05)cfu/mL, p = 0.018) and serum IL-6 (13.75 pg/mL vs 6.29 pg/mL, p = 0.028) than exacerbations without both pathogens. In exacerbations with both cold symptoms (a marker of putative viral infection) and a bacterial pathogen, the FEV1 fall was greater (20.3% vs 3.6%, p = 0.026) and symptom count was higher (p = 0.019) than those with a bacterial pathogen alone.
conclusionsThe clinical severity and inflammatory responses in COPD exacerbations are modulated by the nature of the infecting organism: bacterial and viral pathogens interact to cause additional rises in inflammatory markers and greater exacerbation severity.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.