ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2006
Effects of age and gender on the propelling efficiency of the arm stroke.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tracking the performance, energetics and biomechanics of international versus national level swimmers during a competitive season.European journal of applied physiology · 2012Trial
- The Least Squares Method as a Tool for Assessment of the Stroke Parameters and Velocity in Monofin Swimming.Methods and protocols · 2025Article
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- Stroke Steadiness as a Determinant Factor of Performance in 100 m Freestyle in Young Swimmers.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Effect of the Skill, Gender, and Kick Order on the Kinematic Characteristics of Underwater Undulatory Swimming in the Dorsal Position.Journal of human kinetics · 2024Article
- Froude Efficiency and Velocity Fluctuation in Forearm-Amputee Front Crawl: Implications for Para Swimming Classification.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2023Article
- Sex Differences in Anthropometric and Physiological Profiles of Hungarian Rowers of Different Ages.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The importance of previous season performance on world-class 200- and 400-m individual medley swimming.Biology of sport · 2022Article
- A Novel Rehabilitation Program Using Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Taping for Shoulder Pain in Swimmers: A Protocol and Case Example.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2021Article
- How Mixed Relay Teams in Swimming Should Be Organized for International Championship Success.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Energetic and Biomechanical Contributions for Longitudinal Performance in Master Swimmers.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2020Article
- Modelling the 200 m Front-Crawl Performance Predictors at the Winter Season Peak.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- The energy cost of swimming and its determinants.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Review
- A Biophysical Analysis on the Arm Stroke Efficiency in Front Crawl Swimming: Comparing Methods and Determining the Main Performance Predictors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Skillful Swimming in Age-Groups Is Determined by Anthropometrics, Biomechanics and Energetics.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Article
- Article
- The Age in Swimming of Champions in World Championships (1994⁻2013) and Olympic Games (1992⁻2012): A Cross-Sectional Data Analysis.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2016Article
- The interplay between arms-only propelling efficiency, power output and speed in master swimmers.European journal of applied physiology · 2014Article
- Change of the age and performance of swimmers across World Championships and Olympic Games finals from 1992 to 2013 - a cross-sectional data analysis.SpringerPlus · 2014Article
- Trends in Triathlon Performance: Effects of Sex and Age.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2013Review
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1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The propelling efficiency of the arm stroke (etaP) was estimated in a group of 63 male and female subjects (9-59 years of age) of good technical skill, swimming the front crawl at sub-maximal speeds. etaP was calculated on the basis of values of speed (v), stroke frequency (SF) and shoulder-to-hand distance (l, calculated from measures of arm length and elbow angle during the in-sweep) as proposed by Zamparo et al. (Eur J Appl Physiol 94:134-144, 2005). In both genders, the distance covered per stroke (Ds = v/SF) is similar before puberty, reaches its maximum at about 20 years of age and then steadily declines. l is significantly larger in males than in females and this difference tended to offset the differences in Ds so that etaP is almost the same in male and female swimmers of the same age group and swimming ability: about 0.31 before puberty, 0.38-0.40 at about 20 years of age and about 0.25 in swimmers older than 40 years of age. The development of etaP and Ds during the life span is similar to the changes in muscle strength and power reported in the literature suggesting that these parameters are related to the ability to exert forceful (and hence effective) strokes in water. Since the energy cost of swimming (C) depends essentially on etaP and the hydrodynamic resistance (Wd), these data further suggest that differences in C between genders are mainly to be attributed to differences in Wd, whereas differences across ages can be attributed also to changes in etaP.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.