ArticleBiophysical journal2006
Transport numbers in transdermal iontophoresis.
Article in Biophysical journal, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transdermal needle-free drug delivery approaches and activation mechanism.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- A flexible glucose biosensor modified by reduced-swelling and conductive zwitterionic hydrogel enzyme membrane.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2024Article
- A thermal activated and differential self-calibrated flexible epidermal biomicrofluidic device for wearable accurate blood glucose monitoring.Science advances · 2021Article
- Influence of Chemical Enhancers and Iontophoresis on the In Vitro Transdermal Permeation of Propranolol: Evaluation by Dermatopharmacokinetics.Pharmaceutics · 2018Article
- Ammonia Transporters and Their Role in Acid-Base Balance.Physiological reviews · 2017Review
- Evaluation of Drug Concentrations Delivered by Microiontophoresis.Analytical chemistry · 2016Article
- Quantitative analysis of iontophoretic drug delivery from micropipettes.The Analyst · 2016Article
- Iontophoresis Improved Growth Reduction of Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Topical Photodynamic Therapy.PloS one · 2016Article
- Iontophoretic permeation of lisinopril at different current densities and drug concentrations.Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin · 2012Article
- Role of NH3 and NH4+ transporters in renal acid-base transport.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2011Review
- Iontophoresis of dexamethasone phosphate: competition with chloride ions.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2008Article
- Chemical method to enhance transungual transport and iontophoresis efficiency.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2008Article
- Screening of venlafaxine hydrochloride for transdermal delivery: passive diffusion and iontophoresis.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2008Article
- Quantitative structure-permeation relationship for iontophoretic transport across the skin.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2007Article
- Molecular mechanisms of renal ammonia transport.Annual review of physiology · 2007Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Parameters determining ionic transport numbers in transdermal iontophoresis have been characterized. The transport number of an ion (its ability to carry charge) is key to its iontophoretic delivery or extraction across the skin. Using small inorganic ions, the roles of molar fraction and mobility of the co- and counterions present have been demonstrated. A direct, constant current was applied across mammalian skin in vitro. Cations were anodally delivered from either simple M(+)Cl(-) solutions (single-ion case, M(+) = sodium, lithium, ammonium, potassium), or binary and quaternary mixtures thereof. Transport numbers were deduced from ion fluxes. In the single-ion case, maximum cationic fluxes directly related to the corresponding ionic aqueous mobilities were found. Addition of co-ions decreased the transport numbers of all cations relative to the single-ion case, the degree of effect depending upon the molar fraction and mobility of the species involved. With chloride as the principal counterion competing to carry current across the skin (the in vivo situation), a maximum limit on the single or collective cation transport number was 0.6-0.8. Overall, these results demonstrate how current flowing across the skin during transdermal iontophoresis is distributed between competing ions, and establish simple rules with which to optimize transdermal iontophoretic transport.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.