ReviewJournal of epidemiology and community health2006
Is there a "school effect" on pupil outcomes? A review of multilevel studies.
Review in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- How Can Bullying Victimisation Lead to Lower Academic Achievement? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Mediating Role of Cognitive-Motivational Factors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- School policies for preventing smoking among young people.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- Population approaches to improve diet, physical activity, and smoking habits: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2012Guideline
- Longitudinal changes in quality of life and psychosocial problems of primary school children in a deprived urban neighborhood over the course of a school-based integrated approach.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2023Trial
- Annual Research Review: Improving school climate to improve child and adolescent mental health and reduce inequalities.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Review
- School Climate, Absenteeism and School Transfer Due to Transphobic Bullying in Transgender And Non-Binary Youth.Journal of adolescence · 2026Article
- School-level variation in physical fitness outcomes among children and adolescents.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Patterns of intra-cluster correlation coefficients in school-based cluster randomised controlled trials of interventions for improving social-emotional functioning outcomes in pupils: a secondary data analysis of five UK-based studies.BMC medical research methodology · 2025Article
- Parents' Educational Background and Child's Learned Skills Are More Predictive for a Positive School Career than Earlier Parenting Behavior or Child's Mental Health-Results from an 18-Year Longitudinal Observation Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Using Non-Violent Discipline Tools: Evidence Suggesting the Importance of Attunement.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
- Problematic familial alcohol use and adolescent outcomes: Do associations differ by parental education?Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift : NAT · 2023Article
- School collective efficacy and gambling: A multilevel study of 11th grade students in Stockholm.Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift : NAT · 2023Article
- Teaching away from school: do school digital support influence teachers' well-being during Covid-19 emergency?Large-scale assessments in education · 2023Article
- School Connectedness and E-cigarette Susceptibility/ Ever Use in Texas 6American journal of health behavior · 2022Article
- Party, Academic, or Prepped for College? School Norm Profiles and Adolescent Well-being using National Data.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2022Article
- Job strain and sense of coherence: Associations with stress-related outcomes among teachers.Scandinavian journal of public health · 2022Article
- Implementation of a Dutch school-based integrated approach targeting education, health and poverty-a process evaluation.Health promotion international · 2022Article
- Role of contextual and compositional characteristics of schools for health inequalities in childhood and adolescence: a scoping review.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Article
- Modifying the school determinants of children's health.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · 2022Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
STUDY
objectiveThe school environment is of importance for child outcomes. Multilevel analyses can separate determinants operating at an individual level from those operating at a contextual level. This paper aims to systematically review multilevel studies of school contextual effects on pupil outcomes.
designKey word searching of five databases yielded 17 cross sectional or longitudinal studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Results are summarised with reference to type of school contextual determinant. MAIN
resultsFour main school effects on pupil outcomes were identified. Having a health policy or antismoking policy, a good school climate, high average socioeconomic status, and urban location had a positive effect on pupil outcomes. Outcomes under study were smoking habits, wellbeing, problem behaviour, and school achievement.
conclusionsDespite the different pupil outcomes and the variety of determinants used in the included papers, a school effect was evident. However, to improve our understanding of school effects, presentations of results from multilevel studies need to be standardised. Intraclass correlation and explained between school variance give relevant information on factors in the school environment influencing pupil outcomes, and should be included in all multilevel studies. Inclusion of pupil level predictors in the multilevel models should be based on theoretical considerations of how schools and communities are interconnected and how pupils and their families are influenced by school contextual factors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.