ArticleJournal of virology2006
Palmitoylations on murine coronavirus spike proteins are essential for virion assembly and infectivity.
Article in Journal of virology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review: A systematic review of virus-like particles of coronavirus: Assembly, generation, chimerism and their application in basic research and in the clinic.International journal of biological macromolecules · 2022Pooled it
- Behind the membranous curtain-lipid dynamics and functions in coronaviral replication.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Pentameric Architecture of the SARS-CoV-2 Envelope Protein Revealed by SEC-MALS, Cryo-EM, and Molecular Dynamics.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2026Article
- ZDHHC5: a pivotal palmitoyltransferase orchestrating signaling networks - unraveling mechanisms and therapeutic horizons.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Anatid herpesvirus 1 UL51 protein is palmitoylated by DHHC9 and DHHC18 for viral replication and virulence.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanism of cholesterol-dependent membrane fusion in SARS-CoV-2 entry.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Role of the transmembrane domain in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 spike for palmitoylation and membrane fusion.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2026Article
- S-palmitoylation and depalmitoylation at the interface of animal virus-host interactions.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- An unconventional HxD motif orchestrates coatomer-dependent coronavirus morphogenesis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Palmitoylation enhances the stability of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein by antagonizing its degradation via chaperone-mediated autophagy to facilitate viral proliferation.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Perturbation ofJournal of virology · 2025Article
- The CP123L protein of African swine fever virus is a membrane-associated, palmitoylated protein required for viral replication.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Topology-Driven Discovery of Transmembrane ProteinbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Analysis of Protein Cysteine Acylation Using a Modified Suspension Trap (Acyl-Trap).Journal of proteome research · 2024Article
- Analysis of Protein Cysteine Acylation Using a Modified Suspension Trap (Acyl-Trap).bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- 2-Bromopalmitate depletes lipid droplets to inhibit viral replication.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Virus-Induced Cell Fusion and Syncytia Formation.Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2024Article
- Inconspicuous Yet Indispensable: The Coronavirus Spike Transmembrane Domain.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Raman Fingerprints of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants: Molecular Roots of Virological Characteristics and Evolutionary Directions.ACS infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Lipid compartments and lipid metabolism as therapeutic targets against coronavirus.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Coronavirus spike (S) proteins are palmitoylated at several cysteine residues clustered near their transmembrane-spanning domains. This is achieved by cellular palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs), which can modify newly synthesized S proteins before they are assembled into virion envelopes at the intermediate compartment of the exocytic pathway. To address the importance of these fatty acylations to coronavirus infection, we exposed infected cells to 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP), a specific PAT inhibitor. 2-BP profoundly reduced the specific infectivities of murine coronaviruses at very low, nontoxic doses that were inert to alphavirus and rhabdovirus infections. 2-BP effected only two- to fivefold reductions in S palmitoylation, yet this correlated with reduced S complexing with virion membrane (M) proteins and consequent exclusion of S from virions. At defined 2-BP doses, underpalmitoylated S proteins instead trafficked to infected cell surfaces and elicited cell-cell membrane fusions, suggesting that the acyl chain adducts are more critical to virion assembly than to S-induced syncytial developments. These studies involving pharmacologic inhibition of S protein palmitoylation were complemented with molecular genetic analyses in which cysteine acylation substrates were mutated. Notably, some mutations (C1347F and C1348S) did not interfere with S incorporation into virions, indicating that only a subset of the cysteine-rich region provides the essential S-assembly functions. However, the C1347F/C1348S mutant viruses exhibited relatively low specific infectivities, similar to virions secreted from 2-BP-treated cultures. Our collective results indicate that the palmitate adducts on coronavirus S proteins are necessary in assembly and also in positioning the assembled envelope proteins for maximal infectivity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.