ArticleJournal of virology2006
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptor switching: V1/V2 gain-of-fitness mutations compensate for V3 loss-of-fitness mutations.
Article in Journal of virology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evolution of Multiple Domains of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein during Coreceptor Switch with CCR5 Antagonist Therapy.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Trial
- Comprehensive sieve analysis of breakthrough HIV-1 sequences in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial.PLoS computational biology · 2015Trial
- Vicriviroc resistance decay and relative replicative fitness in HIV-1 clinical isolates under sequential drug selection pressures.Journal of virology · 2012Trial
- In vivo evolution of env in SHIV-AD8Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- HIV-1 envelope facilitates the development of protease inhibitor resistance through acquiring mutations associated with viral entry and immune escape.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Substitution of gp120 C4 region compensates for V3 loss-of-fitness mutations in HIV-1 CRF01_AE co-receptor switching.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Species-Specific Valid Ternary Interactions of HIV-1 Env-gp120, CD4, and CCR5 as Revealed by an Adaptive Single-Amino Acid Substitution at the V3 Loop Tip.Journal of virology · 2021Article
- P2X1 Selective Antagonists Block HIV-1 Infection through Inhibition of Envelope Conformation-Dependent Fusion.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- V1 and V2 Domains of HIV Envelope Contribute to CCR5 Antagonist Resistance.Journal of virology · 2019Article
- High-Sequence Diversity and Rapid Virus Turnover Contribute to Higher Rates of Coreceptor Switching in Treatment-Experienced Subjects with HIV-1 Viremia.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2017Article
- Partial HIV C2V3 envelope sequence analysis reveals association of coreceptor tropism, envelope glycosylation and viral genotypic variability among Kenyan patients on HAART.Virology journal · 2017Article
- Article
- Utilization of HIV-1 envelope V3 to identify X4- and R5-specific Tat and LTR sequence signatures.Retrovirology · 2016Article
- Genotypic Prediction of Co-receptor Tropism of HIV-1 Subtypes A and C.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Incomplete APOBEC3G/F Neutralization by HIV-1 Vif Mutants Facilitates the Genetic Evolution from CCR5 to CXCR4 Usage.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2015Article
- Article
- Review
- Antigenic and 3D structural characterization of soluble X4 and hybrid X4-R5 HIV-1 Env trimers.Retrovirology · 2014Article
- Evolution of HIV-1 coreceptor usage and coreceptor switching during pregnancy.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2014Article
- Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry into target cells is mediated by the virus envelope binding to CD4 and the conformationally altered envelope subsequently binding to one of two chemokine receptors. HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp120) has five variable loops, of which three (V1/V2 and V3) influence the binding of either CCR5 or CXCR4, the two primary coreceptors for virus entry. Minimal sequence changes in V3 are sufficient for changing coreceptor use from CCR5 to CXCR4 in some HIV-1 isolates, but more commonly additional mutations in V1/V2 are observed during coreceptor switching. We have modeled coreceptor switching by introducing most possible combinations of mutations in the variable loops that distinguish a previously identified group of CCR5- and CXCR4-using viruses. We found that V3 mutations entail high risk, ranging from major loss of entry fitness to lethality. Mutations in or near V1/V2 were able to compensate for the deleterious V3 mutations and may need to precede V3 mutations to permit virus survival. V1/V2 mutations in the absence of V3 mutations often increased the capacity of virus to utilize CCR5 but were unable to confer CXCR4 use. V3 mutations were thus necessary but not sufficient for coreceptor switching, and V1/V2 mutations were necessary for virus survival. HIV-1 envelope sequence evolution from CCR5 to CXCR4 use is constrained by relatively frequent lethal mutations, deep fitness valleys, and requirements to make the right amino acid substitution in the right place at the right time.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.