ArticleInfection and immunity2006
Caspase and bid involvement in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced apoptosis and modulation of toxin A effects by glutamine and alanyl-glutamine in vivo and in vitro.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protective effect and results of glutamine and partially hydrolyzed Guar gum on rats with experimental radiation enteritis.Radiation and environmental biophysics · 2026Article
- Combined supplementation of leucine and glutamine acts as a novel therapeutic approach to alleviate hyperglycemia and oxidative stress by targeting insulin signalling genes in a drosophila model of type 2 diabetes.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- The role of the enteric nervous system in the pathogenesis of Clostridioides difficile infection.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Review
- Inhibitory effects of Levilactobacillus brevis IBRC-M10790 on apoptosis and inflammation induced by Clostridioides difficile culture supernatant in vitro.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Mechanisms ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Heat-stable enterotoxin induced apoptosis in small intestine epithelial cells via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Exploring the Toxin-Mediated Mechanisms inMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- Review
- Alanyl-glutamine supplementation forBMJ open · 2023Article
- Clostridioides difficile toxin B alone and with pro-inflammatory cytokines induces apoptosis in enteric glial cells by activating three different signalling pathways mediated by caspases, calpains and cathepsin B.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2022Article
- Adenosine receptors differentially mediate enteric glial cell death induced byFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Host and Clostridioides difficile-Response Modulated by Micronutrients and Glutamine: An Overview.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Review
- Article
- The role of the globular heads of the C1q receptor in TcdA-induced human colonic epithelial cell apoptosis via a mitochondria-dependent pathway.BMC microbiology · 2020Article
- Investigational Treatment Agents for RecurrentJournal of experimental pharmacology · 2020Review
- Protective Effects Oncorneal Endothelium During Intracameral Irrigation Using N-(2)-l-alanyl-l-Glutamine.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Article
- Apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells restricts Clostridium difficile infection in a model of pseudomembranous colitis.Nature communications · 2018Article
- Effects ofOncology letters · 2018Article
- The role of toxins in Clostridium difficile infection.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2017Review
- The Roles of Glutamine in the Intestine and Its Implication in Intestinal Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial bacterial diarrhea. Glutamine and its stable and highly soluble derivative alanyl-glutamine, have been beneficial in models of intestinal injury. In this study, we extend our work on the mechanisms of Clostridium difficile toxin A (TxA)-induced apoptosis in human intestinal epithelial T84 cells and evaluate the effects of glutamine and alanyl-glutamine on TxA-induced apoptosis in vitro and disruption of ileal mucosa in vivo. T84 cells were incubated with TxA (100 ng/ml) in medium with or without glutamine or alanyl-glutamine (3 to 100 mM). Apoptosis was evaluated by DNA fragmentation in vitro and the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling method in vivo. Caspase and Bid involvement were investigated by Western blotting. Ligated rabbit ileal loops were used for the evaluation of intestinal secretion, mucosal disruption, and apoptosis. TxA induced caspases 6, 8, and 9 prior to caspase 3 activation in T84 cells and induced Bid cleavage by a caspase-independent mechanism. Glutamine or alanyl-glutamine significantly reduced TxA-induced apoptosis of T84 cells by 47% and inhibited activation of caspase 8. Both glutamine and alanyl-glutamine reduced TxA-induced ileal mucosal disruption and secretion. Altogether, we further delineated the apoptosis-signaling cascade induced by TxA in T84 cells and demonstrated the protective effects of glutamine and alanyl-glutamine. Glutamine and alanyl-glutamine inhibited the apoptosis of T84 cells by preventing caspase 8 activation and reduced TxA-induced intestinal secretion and disruption.
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