ArticleDiabetologia2006
Use of antimicrobials and risk of type 1 diabetes in a population-based mother-child cohort.
Article in Diabetologia, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antibiotic Exposure in Early Life and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Early-life antibiotic exposure and type 1 diabetes risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- The association between early-life (during pregnancy and after birth) antibiotic exposure and type 1 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Homoeopathy vs. conventional primary care in children during the first 24 months of life-a pragmatic randomised controlled trial.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Trial
- Gut Microbial Diversity in Antibiotic-Naive Children After Systemic Antibiotic Exposure: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2017Trial
- Early life antibiotic-use and risk of childhood type 1 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study utilising data linkage.Pediatric diabetes · 2026Article
- Article
- Linking epigenetic mechanisms of T cell dysfunction with pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- The impact of day care attendance on antibiotic use among children aged 0-12 years: A population-based register study.PloS one · 2025Article
- The early-life gut microbiome in common pediatric diseases: roles and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Enhancing probiotic impact: engineeringApplied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Dietary emulsifier consumption accelerates type 1 diabetes development in NOD mice.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2024Article
- Gene-environment interaction in the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Assessment of glucocorticoid and antibiotic exposure as risk factors for diabetes mellitus in selected dog breeds attending UK primary-care clinics.The Veterinary record · 2023Article
- Gut microbiome and autoimmune disorders.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2022Review
- Association of antibiotics exposure within the first 2 years after birth with subsequent childhood type 1 diabetes.Endocrine · 2022Article
- The crucial role of early-life gut microbiota in the development of type 1 diabetes.Acta diabetologica · 2021Review
- Environmental Determinants of Type 1 Diabetes: From Association to Proving Causality.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Antibiotic treatment during early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes in children: A national birth cohort study.Pediatric diabetes · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aims/hypothesisThe aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of antimicrobials is associated with the risk of childhood type 1 diabetes. MATERIALS AND
methodsThe study population included all children born in Finland between 1996 and 2000 who were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes by the end of 2002. For each case (n=437), four matched controls were selected. Data on diabetes and the maternal use of antimicrobials was derived from nationwide registries.
resultsMaternal use of phenoxymethyl penicillins (odds ratio [OR]=1.70, 95% CI 1.08-2.68, p=0.022) or quinolone antimicrobials (OR=2.43, 95% CI 1.16-5.10, p=0.019) before pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of type 1 diabetes in the child, whereas the use of other specific antimicrobials was not related to the risk. The risk was also higher among mother-child pairs where macrolides were used both by the mother before pregnancy and by the child, compared with pairs where neither used macrolides (OR=1.76, 95% CI 1.05-2.94, p=0.032). Maternal use of antimicrobials during pregnancy was not associated with an increased risk. The high use of antimicrobials by the child (more than seven vs seven or less purchases) was related to greater risk (OR=1.66, 95% CI 1.24-2.24, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationOverall, the use of antimicrobials before pregnancy, during pregnancy or during childhood was not related to the risk of childhood type 1 diabetes. However, the use of some specific antimicrobials by the mother before pregnancy and by the child may be associated with an increased risk. Further studies are needed to confirm these associations and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.