ArticleJournal of neurovirology2005
Differential responses of human brain cells to West Nile virus infection.
Article in Journal of neurovirology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 136 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inflammatory Response Associated with West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease: A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2024Pooled it
- Frequency and Focus of in Vitro Studies of Microglia-Expressed Cytokines in Response to Viral Infection: A Systematic Review.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2024Pooled it
- Beyond the neuron: the role of glial cells in viral neuropathogenesis.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Nociceptor neurons shape antiviral immunity.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- A human cerebral organoid model of West Nile virus encephalitis shows innate immunocompetency.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic insights into the neuropathogenic and immune response alterations in mouse neurons challenged with west nile and japanese encephalitis viruses.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Phosphorylation landscape of dengue virus proteins and their implications in protein-protein interactions.PloS one · 2026Article
- Proteomic and machine learning signatures of rabies virus infection reveal stage-specific biomarkers.Journal of neurovirology · 2025Article
- Fatal West Nile Encephalomyelitis in a Young Woman with Hypoparathyroidism and Sjögren's Syndrome. Molecular Insights into Viral Neuro-Invasivity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Role of innate immune and inflammatory signaling in West Nile virus tropism and neuronal and glial cell death.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sequelae of viral CNS infections including outcomes, mechanisms, and knowledge gaps.Npj viruses · 2025Review
- Interferon-induced protein ISG15 in the central nervous system, quo vadis?FEBS letters · 2025Review
- Viruses and the Brain-A Relationship Prone to Trouble.Viruses · 2025Review
- Dual immune modulation of microglia in viral encephalitis: current understanding and future perspectives.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Review
- The Development of Epilepsy Following CNS Viral Infections: Mechanisms.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2024Review
- Age-dependent Powassan virus lethality is linked to glial cell activation and divergent neuroinflammatory cytokine responses in a murine model.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- An Update on the Entomology, Virology, Pathogenesis, and Epidemiology Status of West Nile and Dengue Viruses in Europe (2018-2023).Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Review
- Cryptococcosis and Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Narrative Review and the Up-to-Date Management Approach.Cureus · 2024Review
- Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Neurologic Manifestations of Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus Infections.Viruses · 2023Review
- Higher replication potential of West Nile virus governs apoptosis induction in human neuroblastoma cells.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2023Article
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In recent years, West Nile virus (WNV) has emerged as a major cause of encephalitis in the United States. However, the neuropathogenesis of this flavivirus is poorly understood. In the present study, the authors used primary human brain cell cultures to investigate two neuropathogenic features: viral replication and induction of cytokines. Although neurons and astrocytes were found to support productive WNV infection, viral growth was poorly permissive in microglial cells. Compared to neuronal cultures that sustained viral growth for at least 2 weeks, replication peaked in astrocytes by 72 h post infection. In response to viral infection, astrocytes produced chemokines (CXCL10 and CCL5), but none of the cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha, interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-6, interferon alpha or gamma) tested could be detected. Although microglial cells failed to support viral replication, WNV induced production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Microglial cells also released robust amounts of the chemokines CXCL10 and CCL2, as well as lower levels of CCL5, in response to WNV infection. WNV-induced chemokine and cytokine production by microglia was coupled with activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) intracellular signaling pathways. Inhibition of p38 MAPK decreased chemokine production in response to WNV. Taken together, these findings suggest that microglial cell responses may influence the neuropathogenesis of WNV infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.