ReviewDrug safety2005
Sex differences in antiretroviral therapy-associated intolerance and adverse events.
Review in Drug safety, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of three antiretroviral regimens for initial treatment of HIV-1: a randomized clinical trial in diverse multinational settings.PLoS medicine · 2012Trial
- Sex-based outcomes of darunavir-ritonavir therapy: a single-group trial.Annals of internal medicine · 2010Trial
- Differences in antiretroviral safety and efficacy by sex in a multinational randomized clinical trial.HIV clinical trialsTrial
- Effectiveness, Sex Differences, and Patient Experience in Real-World Use of Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine: Results from a Prospective Study.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Determinants and outcomes of adverse drug reactions among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Sex differences in discontinuations due to side effects of second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- The sex differences in diseases progression and prognosis among persons with HIV and HBV coinfection.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Factors Associated with Time to Initial Antiretroviral Therapy Discontinuation in the DC Cohort.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2024Observational
- Mortality and comorbidities in a Nationwide cohort of HIV-infected adults: comparison to a matched non-HIV adults' cohort, France, 2006-18.European journal of public health · 2024Article
- Associations between female birth sex and risk of chronic kidney disease development among people with HIV in the USA: A longitudinal, multicentre, cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2022Article
- Mortality and Causes of Death among Individuals Diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Korea, 2004-2018: An Analysis of a Nationwide Population-Based Claims Database.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Contribution of Sex Differences to HIV Immunology, Pathogenesis, and Cure Approaches.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Sex Differences in Non-AIDS Comorbidities Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Review
- HIV disclosure and stigma among women living with HIV in Denmark.Journal of virus eradication · 2017Article
- Influence of Sex/Gender and Race on Responses to Raltegravir Combined With Tenofovir-Emtricitabine in Treatment-Naive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infected Patients: Pooled Analyses of the STARTMRK and QDMRK Studies.Open forum infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Analysis of contemporary HIV/AIDS health care costs in Germany: Driving factors and distribution across antiretroviral therapy lines.Medicine · 2016Observational
- Adverse Drug Reactions and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Initiated on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Prospective Cohort Study From Ethiopia.Drug safety · 2015Article
- Impact of Gender on Long-Term Treatment Outcomes of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2015Article
- Article
- Discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy among adults receiving HIV care in the United States.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although women account for a substantial proportion of the global population infected with HIV, most clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of specific antiretroviral therapy regimens have been preformed in predominantly male cohorts. Our knowledge of the sex differences associated with responses to these treatments is therefore limited. Potentially sex-specific influences, such as endogenous or exogenous hormones, could impact antiretroviral tolerance. Women also have different pharmacokinetic profiles for selected antiretrovirals compared with men. These factors could influence how women respond and react to antiretrovirals. Several observational studies have described a higher frequency of antiretroviral-related adverse effects among women compared with men. Women appear to be at an especially high risk for lactic acidosis, nevirapine-associated rashes and hepatotoxicity, and fat redistribution after highly active antiretroviral therapy exposure. Although a statistical association between antiretroviral toxicity and pregnancy has not been described, pregnancy may provide an additional influence on the toxicity of several antiretrovirals or antiretroviral combinations. Potential tolerability should be an important component in discussions of antiretroviral options among women.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.