ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2006
Living high-training low: tolerance and acclimatization in elite endurance athletes.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Complex networks analysis reinforces centrality hematological role on aerobic-anaerobic performances of the Brazilian Paralympic endurance team after altitude training.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Living High-Training Low for 21 Days Enhances Exercise Economy, Hemodynamic Function, and Exercise Performance of Competitive Runners.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2019Trial
- Effects of the 'live high-train low' method on prooxidant/antioxidant balance on elite athletes.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2009Trial
- Living high-training low: effect on erythropoiesis and maximal aerobic performance in elite Nordic skiers.European journal of applied physiology · 2006Trial
- The effects of the "living high-training low" model on key proteins involved in cellular aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in male C57BL/6J mice.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Hematological, inflammatory, and hypoxia-responsive adaptations to 18-day normobaric live high-train low training in elite rowers.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Effects of "Living High-Training Low and High" on Sleep, Heart Rate Variability, and Psychological Responses in Elite Female Cyclists.European journal of sport science · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology at high altitude.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2024Review
- Sleep at high altitude: A bibliometric study and visualization analysis from 1992 to 2022.Heliyon · 2024Article
- A study of survival strategies for improving acclimatization of lowlanders at high-altitude.Heliyon · 2023Review
- New Trend of Physical Activity and Exercise for Health Promotion and Functional Ability.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Monitoring Acclimatization and Training Responses Over 17-21 Days at 1,800 m in Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Biathletes.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- Effects of Interval Training Under Hypoxia on Hematological Parameters, Hemodynamic Function, and Endurance Exercise Performance in Amateur Female Runners in Korea.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- Interval Hypoxic Training Enhances Athletic Performance and Does Not Adversely Affect Immune Function in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Effects of 2-Week Exercise Training in Hypobaric Hypoxic Conditions on Exercise Performance and Immune Function in Korean National Cycling Athletes with Disabilities: A Case Report.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Intermittent hypoxic training for 6 weeks in 3000 m hypobaric hypoxia conditions enhances exercise economy and aerobic exercise performance in moderately trained swimmers.Biology of sport · 2018Article
- Hypoxic dose, intensity distribution, and fatigue monitoring are paramount for "live high-train low".European journal of applied physiology · 2017Article
- Hypoxic dose, intensity distribution, and fatigue monitoring are paramount for "live high-train low" effectiveness.European journal of applied physiology · 2017Article
- Effects of 2-week intermittent training in hypobaric hypoxia on the aerobic energy metabolism and performance of cycling athletes with disabilities.Journal of physical therapy science · 2017Article
- Application of "living high-training low" enhances cardiac function and skeletal muscle oxygenation during submaximal exercises in athletes.Journal of exercise nutrition & biochemistry · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The "living high-training low" (LHTL) model is frequently used to enhance aerobic performance. However, the clinical tolerance and acclimatization process to this intermittent exposure needs to be examined. Forty one athletes from three federations (cross-country skiers, n=11; swimmers, n=18; runners, n=12) separately performed a 13 to 18-day training at the altitude of 1,200 m, by sleeping either at 1,200 m (CON) or in hypoxic rooms (HYP), with an O2 fraction corresponding to 2,500 m (5 nights for swimmers and 6 for skiers and runners), 3,000 m (6 nights for skiers, 8 for swimmers and 12 for runners) and 3,500 m (6 nights for skiers). Measurements performed before, 1 or 15 days after training were ventilatory response (HVRe) and desaturation (deltaSaO2e) during hypoxic exercise, an evaluation of cardiac function by echocardiography, and leukocyte count. Lake Louise AMS score and arterial O2 saturation during sleep were measured daily for HYP. Subjects did not develop symptoms of AMS. Mean nocturnal SaO2 decreased with altitude down to 90% at 3,500 m and increased with acclimatization (except at 3,500 m). Leukocyte count was not affected except at 3,500 m. The heart function was not affected by LHTL. Signs of ventilatory acclimatization were present immediately after training (increased HVRe and decreased deltaSaO2e) and had disappeared 15 days later. In conclusion, LHTL was well tolerated and compatible with aerobic training. Comparison of the three patterns of training suggests that a LHTL session should not exceed 3,000 m, for at least 18 days, with a minimum of 12 h day(-1) of exposure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.