ArticleJournal of virology2005
Humoral and cellular immune response to RNA immunization with flavivirus replicons derived from tick-borne encephalitis virus.
Article in Journal of virology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2020Pooled it
- From genetic code to global health: the impact of nucleic acid vaccines on disease prevention and treatment.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Replicon RNA vaccines: design, delivery, and immunogenicity in infectious diseases and cancer.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Review
- mRNA vaccines: a new opportunity for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Amplifying mRNA vaccines: potential versatile magicians for oncotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2022Review
- Review
- The Current Landscape of mRNA Vaccines Against Viruses and Cancer-A Mini Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Inactivated tick-borne encephalitis vaccine elicits several overlapping waves of T cell response.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Recent Advances in the Molecular Design and Delivery Technology of mRNA for Vaccination Against Infectious Diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Acquired tick resistance: The trail is hot.Parasite immunology · 2021Review
- Self-amplifying RNA vaccines for infectious diseases.Gene therapy · 2021Review
- mRNA Vaccines against Flaviviruses.Vaccines · 2021Review
- A Guide to Nucleic Acid Vaccines in the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and Cancers: From Basic Principles to Current Applications.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
- The role of capsid in the flaviviral life cycle and perspectives for vaccine development.Vaccine · 2020Review
- Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Quest for Better Vaccines against a Virus on the Rise.Vaccines · 2020Review
- AnScience translational medicine · 2020Article
- Strong Immune Responses Induced by Direct Local Injections of Modified mRNA-Lipid Nanocomplexes.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A new vaccination principle against flaviviruses, based on a tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) self-replicating noninfectious RNA vaccine that produces subviral particles, has recently been introduced (R. M. Kofler, J. H. Aberle, S. W. Aberle, S. L. Allison, F. X. Heinz, and C. W. Mandl, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 7:1951-1956, 2004). In this study, we evaluated the potential of the self-replicating RNA vaccine in mice in comparison to those of live, attenuated vaccines and a formalin-inactivated whole-virus vaccine (ImmunInject). For this purpose, mice were immunized using gene gun-mediated application of the RNA vaccine and tested for CD8+ T-cell responses, long-term duration, neutralizing capacity, and isotype profile of specific antibodies and protection against lethal virus challenge. We demonstrate that the self-replicating RNA vaccine induced a broad-based, humoral and cellular (Th1 and CD8+ T-cell response) immune response comparable to that induced by live vaccines and that it protected mice from challenge. Even a single immunization with 1 microg of the replicon induced a long-lasting antibody response, characterized by high neutralizing antibody titers, which were sustained for at least 1 year. Nevertheless, it was possible to boost this response further by a second injection with the RNA vaccine, even in the presence of a concomitant CD8+ T-cell response. In this way it was possible to induce a balanced humoral and cellular immune response, similar to infection-induced immunity but without the safety hazards of infectious agents. The results also demonstrate the value of TBEV replicon RNA for inducing protective long-lasting antiviral responses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.