ArticleInfection and immunity2005
Protective immunity to the larval stages of onchocerca volvulus is dependent on Toll-like receptor 4.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Onchocerciasis overview: pathogenesis, clinical spectrum, and therapeutic challenges of a neglected tropical disease.Frontiers in parasitology · 2026Review
- Computational approach for identifying immunogenic epitopes and optimizing peptide vaccine throughHeliyon · 2024Article
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- Construction and validation of a multi-epitope in silico vaccine model for lymphatic filariasis by targetingBulletin of the National Research Centre · 2023Article
- Immunoinformatics-Aided Analysis of RSV Fusion and Attachment Glycoproteins to Design a Potent Multi-Epitope Vaccine.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Exploring whole proteome to contrive multi-epitope-based vaccine for NeoCoV: An immunoinformtics andFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Molecular Docking Simulation Studies Identifies Potential Natural Product Derived-Antiwolbachial Compounds as Filaricides against Onchocerciasis.Biomedicines · 2021Article
- Eosinophils mediate SIgA production triggered by TLR2 and TLR4 to control Ascaris suum infection in mice.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Immunoinformatics design of a novel epitope-based vaccine candidate against dengue virus.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Computational Design and Preliminary Serological Analysis of a Novel Multi-Epitope Vaccine Candidate against Onchocerciasis and Related Filarial Diseases.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- In-silico design of a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against onchocerciasis and related filarial diseases.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Development of Onchocerca volvulus in humanized NSG mice and detection of parasite biomarkers in urine and serum.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2018Article
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- Hyperreactive onchocerciasis is characterized by a combination of Th17-Th2 immune responses and reduced regulatory T cells.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2015Article
- Innate and adaptive immunity to the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis in a mouse model.Immunologic research · 2011Review
- Of mice, cattle, and humans: the immunology and treatment of river blindness.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2008Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been shown to be important for the induction of Th2-dependent immune responses in mice. Protective immunity against larval Onchocerca volvulus in mice depends on the development of a Th2 immune response mediated by both interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-5. In addition, O. volvulus contains the rickettsial endosymbiont Wolbachia, which has molecules with lipopolysaccharide-like activities that also signal through TLR4. We therefore hypothesized that protective immunity to O. volvulus would not develop in C3H/HeJ mice which have a mutation in the Tlr4 gene (TLR4 mutant), either because of a decreased Th2 response to the larvae or because of the absence of a response to Wolbachia. TLR4-mutant mice were immunized against O. volvulus with irradiated third-stage larvae, and it was observed that Th2 responses were elevated based on increased IL-5 production, total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, antigen-specific IgG1 response, and eosinophil recruitment. Protective immunity, however, did not develop in the TLR4-mutant mice. The Th1 response, as measured by gamma interferon production from spleen cells, was comparable in both wild-type and TLR4-mutant mice. Furthermore, antibody responses to Wolbachia were absent in both wild-type and TLR4-mutant mice. Therefore, the defect in the development of a protective immune response against O. volvulus in TLR4-mutant mice is not due to loss of Th2 immunity or the response to Wolbachia but is due to an unidentified TLR4-dependent larval killing mechanism.
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