ArticlePLoS computational biology2005
A guild of 45 CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein families and multiple CRISPR/Cas subtypes exist in prokaryotic genomes.
Article in PLoS computational biology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 490 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
490 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Methods for Detecting Mycobacterial Mixed Strain Infections-A Systematic Review.Frontiers in genetics · 2020Pooled it
- CRISPR-Cas9 Therapeutics in Early Clinical Development: Delivery and Molecular Diagnostics.Cells · 2026Review
- Gene, genetics and genetic medicines in gastroenterology: Current status and its future.World journal of gastroenterology · 2026Review
- Versatile electroporation protocols enable reproducible CRISPR-RNP delivery across multiple primary mouse cells of the hematopoietic lineage.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Factors affecting CRISPR-Cas defense against antibiotic resistance plasmids harboured byMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2025Article
- PAM-interacting domain turn-helix 51 motifs can improve Cas9-SpRY activity.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Emerging trends in transgene-free crop development: insights into genome editing and its regulatory overview.Plant molecular biology · 2025Review
- From Origin to the Present: Establishment, Mechanism, Evolutions and Biomedical Applications of the CRISPR/Cas-Based Macromolecular System in Brief.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Application of the transposon-associated TnpB system of CRISPR-Cas in bacteria:Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- A Critical Review of the CRISPR-Cas Technology in the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Variants.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2025Review
- Overcoming the Delivery Challenges in CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing for Effective Cancer Treatment: A Review of Delivery Systems.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Recent progress in prompt molecular detection of liquid biopsy using Cas enzymes: innovative approaches for cancer diagnosis and analysis.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Review
- Determination of Technological Properties and CRISPR Profiles ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Exosomes for CRISPR-Cas9 Delivery: The Cutting Edge in Genome Editing.Molecular biotechnology · 2024Review
- Harnessing the evolving CRISPR/Cas9 for precision oncology.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Review
- CRISPR-Cas Systems: Programmable Nuclease Revolutionizing the Molecular Diagnosis.Molecular biotechnology · 2024Review
- Navigating the CRISPR/Cas Landscape for Enhanced Diagnosis and Treatment of Wilson's Disease.Cells · 2024Review
- Review
- Precision in Action: The Role of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas in Gene Therapies.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Engineering of a compact, high-fidelity EbCas12a variant that can be packaged with its crRNA into an all-in-one AAV vector delivery system.PLoS biology · 2024Article
430 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) are a family of DNA direct repeats found in many prokaryotic genomes. Repeats of 21-37 bp typically show weak dyad symmetry and are separated by regularly sized, nonrepetitive spacer sequences. Four CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein families, designated Cas1 to Cas4, are strictly associated with CRISPR elements and always occur near a repeat cluster. Some spacers originate from mobile genetic elements and are thought to confer "immunity" against the elements that harbor these sequences. In the present study, we have systematically investigated uncharacterized proteins encoded in the vicinity of these CRISPRs and found many additional protein families that are strictly associated with CRISPR loci across multiple prokaryotic species. Multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models have been built for 45 Cas protein families. These models identify family members with high sensitivity and selectivity and classify key regulators of development, DevR and DevS, in Myxococcus xanthus as Cas proteins. These identifications show that CRISPR/cas gene regions can be quite large, with up to 20 different, tandem-arranged cas genes next to a repeat cluster or filling the region between two repeat clusters. Distinctive subsets of the collection of Cas proteins recur in phylogenetically distant species and correlate with characteristic repeat periodicity. The analyses presented here support initial proposals of mobility of these units, along with the likelihood that loci of different subtypes interact with one another as well as with host cell defensive, replicative, and regulatory systems. It is evident from this analysis that CRISPR/cas loci are larger, more complex, and more heterogeneous than previously appreciated.
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